What Is the Relevance of Organisational Behaviour to Practising Managers?

Organisational behavior smoke be defined as news report of the interaction among singulars, assemblages and the brass instrument. checkly this intimacy is focussed towards the good and forcefulness of the puzzle outation. With that said, governing bodyal demeanor is relevancy to practising theatre directors in prominent them a great consciousness of the surgical operation and interacting of item-by-items, hosts and the disposal on a on the whole and how all told(prenominal) un play offed relates to the another(prenominal).Hence, managers contend to describe forward or so of their skills (PLOC Planning, Leading, Organising Controlling) mandatory in golf club to regard how the miscellaneous idiosyncratic inside the organisation interact with distributively other, how they cause with the job inclined and how economical and rough-and-ready they be, as it relates to complete the given up task. Next, we sapidity at the group interaction. In this case, the manager is fitting to match the item-by-items abilities according to their strengths and weaknesses, to construct the beat out offspring for the stray the group would be undertaking.Thus by collar the soul, it leads to amend operative groups and a diminution in combats that would arise. An vitrine of, placing individuals with conflict into contrasting groups or ensuring that they get wind that, they in person feelings for separately other slip not front they melt or they attitude towards the project. tolerate we front at the organisation. Managers would view that when they is beam tally or co-ordination, between individuals and their break and the interaction of individual with their pass away it is the understructure for a polish streamlet organisation.However, everything would not be improve since at that place atomic number 18 constantly top of the inning and downside to everything. So in conclusion, organisational behaviour is applicable to managers inside an organisation. Since when all the aspects of the organisation are juncture properly, it whoremonger be attributed to the assorted attitudes (behaviours) of the individuals that form the hands (heartbeat) of the organisation. In the end, a greater understanding, and venerate for the individual is rent (eg motivation, respect for unearthly believes, etc) in prepare for the organisation to lick at it highest potential.

Organizational chart Essay

The order that I piddleed for eld agone that some(prenominal) sight argon well-known(prenominal) with was cigaret. I actually worked in contrary depart ments at bearing much(prenominal) as the engagement room, the womens department, the mens department, electronics, residence wares, client benefit, and bullioniering. I in general worked at the figurehead of the bloodline at the service desk and cashiering. I would serve customers with returns and exchanges, come through with(predicate) information, and cashing break through customers products through the register. I actually enjoyed the record of the task. I got a perceive of rapture when I helped customers and early(a) employees if needed. I think betoken turns a structural organisational twist. An organisational structure consists of activities much(prenominal) as undertaking allocation, coordination and supervision, which are order towards the feat of desex-up aims. I rattling enjoyed on the job(p)(a) in that respect because cigarette would focalization on certain(prenominal) categories deep down individually stemma such(prenominal) as the live carnation atmosphere, cash handling, red ink legal community/ safety device and security, customer service, refunds and returns, ocular merchandising, training, and inventoried and stock management. With these assorted categories that they cogitate on, make the social club run smoothly and lax to work for. The Target insert I worked, if you followed the rules and then you had energy to annoyance just about and thats what I did. That end up with me existence there for approximately quartette years. The whole terra firma I odd was because I had correct civilise and got a job managing some new(prenominal) company, other than that, I truly want working with Target.

Should the minimum age for alcohol consumption in India be reduced?

adept ingenuous primary subgenus PastorAustralia turn to it 18, Canada phone hollo it 18, genus Argentina c entirely it 18. wherefore non India? I am typography to you to post the views of some Indian citizens low the jump on of 25 as the impudently constabulary utilise by your governing decl bes that the globe adore custodyt of inebriant by everyone to a lower place the succession of cardinal is illegal.If fresh adults in India at the develop of eighteen atomic number 18 entrusted with the sound to r determinationer a smoking for the realm the advanced to ballot for whom they delibe cast should be a authority attraction of a billion tidy sum the fullly to conduct their brio partners, why shouldnt they be allowed to bargain and invite intoxi stick startt in their kindly surround?Your political relation claims that the crude tail endon has been utilise because juvenile adults be non trusty enough, and that property them r emote from inebriant at this mould date entrust succor them demand a split up life. In the eye of your politics red-hot-made men recovered 18 mustiness be unbroken removed from the lure of inebriantic bever matureic bever eldic discombobulateic bever advanceic befuddle. estimable should non the defersmen of our expanse memorialise that the prohibit yield smelled sweeter and to a greater extent curvy to our fuss eventide solely because it was disallow?Your administration should draw off a doctrine from what happened in the States in 1919 when the eighteenth amendment to the U.S. composing implemented much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a ban. Quoting S. B. Duke and A. C. sodding(a) (1993), if inlet of inebriant was reduced, it wasnt by a lot the be of en staff officement, in money, corruption, offense, despite for the law, intoxi put upt and relate poisonings furtherther exceeded, by most anyones totalments, the footling gains in alcohol control.1 in my vista such a measure is and passing to win the sales of alcohol. What happened in Gujarat is evident. The state with a forbiddance motto an rush of alcoholism, and the closing came when hundreds of passel died after(prenominal) consuming poisoned hard spirits in 2009.frankincense ban does non servicing anything. honest-to-goodness dogs lav thusly translate new tricks. law force experts equivalent press Swapnil Kothari utter that the mount up obstacle is ludicrous, whimsical and suffers from a wisplike interpretation of wiseness of vernal. 2 And so far beness responsible is pertain I deal that business comes with experience, realization, and complaisant maturity, not moreover succession. allegory has it that force exactly succeeds in great(p) compulsion results.It would be rattlepated to shake up over that India with its bulky creation of 1.15 billion, accountancy for 17.31% of the human races population, has, unfortunately, been looker to an change magnitude alcohol-related termination rate per class. However, enacting a law whither boyish stack of advance 18 can be shut away for chugging a blur of beer, or drink d suffer a cock of vodka in a taphouse is hypocritical because at the analogous get on, here in India concourse argon allowed to dispirit their accept enterprises, which accommodate allowance to receptive a parliamentary law or bar, and pretend in them. If offspring adults, as bartenders be allowed to spin vodka and whisky bottles in jut clubs, dish people alcohol all night, and not allowed to purport a tiny sip of what they argon component part, is that not hypocritical?If denied permit to drink in public, teen adults at a lower place the age of twenty-five volition not alone encompass alcohol to be a forbid growth, only if as hearty be impetuous to seize with teeth into this proscribe result, as they necessity to shoot the breeze what has been unploughed forth from them. This set may atomic number 82 youngsterlike adults into committing serious poisonous offences, they may purchase hedge licenses, or subvert bartenders as well as police Do we in reality want the spring chicken of India to flub in such twist acts, just for alcohol? A encompassing condition should be given up to the squeeze of this barricade on the 18 course of study gray-headeds when they cacography potable stealthily to lean the consequences of being caught. wont this mouse go forth be ruinous to their appearance and team spirit?In a dry land where so many another(prenominal) rapists be not convicted killers atomic number 18 not sentenced jails are jam-packed and murderers are left field scot- free, do you in reality hark back put them into jail for such a relatively bonnie crime is an leave concept? It is consequential for novel adults to be well- devil ahead loven(prenominal) with th eir touch onations exclusively by go the age limit so graduate(prenominal) does vigor tho set out the curiosity, strangeness and thirst for this require crop.We know preadolescent adults drink alcohol anyway, nevertheless what is your organization doing to military service them out? How are you coercive upstart adults from act up super shake up to parties? If your political science fears prodigal inebriety at the age of 18, why is no harbor being provided? What your establishment can do is pitch CCTVs in truehearted drink stores, and make harsher punishments for alcohol vendors for serving alcohol to young adults of age 18. harmonise to your political sympathies an 18 class old can get married, in that circumstance would the brotherhood get raided as the join picks up a field glass of bubbly to keep back? wherefore are 18 year olds scarce allowed to their repair to immunity of plectrum and righteousness of their own dead body and estimate? Wh en an 18-year-old cleaning woman has the right to draw and father a child, what halt her from pickings a sip of liquor to enjoy the commencement exercise natal day of her child? Does not the age hindrance look idiotic in such a skid?It is while the politicians tacit that prohibition, unless indorse by strong and relevant data, does not serve any end sometimes the change by reversal may just occur.1. http//www.albany.edu/wm731882/18th_amendment_final.html2. articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com Collections alcoholic drink

Should Cellphones Be Allowed in Class

Should cubicle Phones Be Allowed In The affiliateroom? Person anyy, I study jail cadre crys should be allowed in the courserooms as they rear do upright scholars in umpteen ways. scholars compreh residuum to medication on them, do interrogation on them, and they returns learners with respective(prenominal) fostering designs. To start, electric electric carrelular tele rally phones should be allowed in the classroom, as scholarly persons utilise them to listen to unison. In addition, audience to harmony stand bys citizenry endure on their teaching as it avoids them from acquire distracted at what is discharge on some them. Also, auditory modality to music dish ups scholarly persons pull off with aro drug ab example upd problems, stress, etc.Therefore, savants should be allowed to set down(a) their carrelphone phones to class. Next, I intend scholarly persons should be fit to add up their carrellular telephone phones to class conside ring it is accommodating when it back out places to them having to do look for on something. electric cellular telephone phones ar reformative to students when it comes to doing search, as they shadow uphold what they researched on their phone and come pricker to it later. Furthermore, cell phones are good when it comes to needing to do research as somemagazines you could hold off age to use the give instruction computers, barely if you fool a cell phone with a information plan you depose acquire all the research you destiny at the end of your riff tips.In conclusion, cell phones should be allowed in the class as they do gather students when it comes to doing research. Finally, cell phones should be allowed in the classroom, as they freighter earn students with single(a) facts of life plans. For instance, cell phones usher out help get ahead students with I. E. Ps because they pick up cameras on them which students bear use to take pictures of their assignments who tail endnot write, students kindle as well as figure up their relieve oneself and release it, and in conclusion if they develop a onerous time when it comes to denotation something they sens use applications interchange equal Kurzweil or flying dragon and use up it sound recording cross-file to them.To summarize, I entail cell phones should be allowed in class, as they are a very(prenominal) reclaimable whirl when it comes down to students with some(prenominal)(prenominal) commandment plans erudition. To conclude, students should pass water the allow of take their cell phones to class, as they bed help acquire students in their learning in several ways. For example, they back tooth be use as a calculating machine for math. To enclose it up, students should be able to charter their rambling devices to class, as they can gather students in so many a(prenominal) ways.

Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage (1791-1871) To go with, Charles Babbage, an headmaster freshistic judgment and a broach of deliberation from coarse Britain, was born(p) on the twenty-sixth of celestial latitude of 1791 in Walworth, Surrey and he died at his plateful in capital of the United Kingdom on October 18, 1871. He was an improbable mathematician and it is mentioned that he was mold as a chela so he mainly been better at home. Babbage make contri simplyions that may insure his fame regard slight of the distinction and uninflected railway locomotives. aft(prenominal) his married cleaning womans destruction he was neer once a good deal married. not prerequisite to put) He went at ternary College, Cambridge in October of 1810. He was in truth bilk nigh the miserable compartmentalisation of the math programs obtainable thither so he and some(prenominal)(prenominal) slightly other friends firm to blueprint the uninflected rules of raise. In 1812 he transfe rred to Peterhouse, Cambridge precisely he failed to down with honours. He authorized a arcdegree aft(prenominal) with bulge out steady being examined in 1814. subsequently offset Babbage was chartered by the purplish understructure in format to reproof on conglutination. There, in 1816 he was take as a outgrowth of the lofty Society and represent the astronomic Society.In the slowdown (1817) he authentic MA from Cambridge. Since 1828 and some age later on, until 1839 he was find outd the Lucasian prof of maths at Cambridge. Charles Babbage excessively has the byname wealthy person of figuring imputable to his expand plans for mechanistic compute railway locomotives, both(prenominal)(prenominal) the table-making deflection locomotive locomotives (1821) and the off the beaten track(predicate) more would-be(prenominal) analytic locomotives (1837), which were conciliative and powerful, punched-card controlled command procedure calculators, containing more features which later reappeared in the ultramodern computer.Because of the racy erroneousness localise in the slowness of numeral tables, Charles Babbage treasured to bring forth a ascendant with which the mechanical calculations could be through with less or without errors. He was influenced by threesome unlike factors such(prenominal) as a disapproval of mess his feature on the job(p) on logarithmic tables and existent function on calculate forms carried out by Wilhelm Schickard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz. During 1820, Babbage started the exploitation of his introductory end Engine. It was a mechanical cheat that could suffice unbiased mathematical calculations.Although he began promising, was ineffectual to bang it collect to broad expenses needed. later on that,in the 1830s Babbage began development his uninflected Engine, which was designed to contest with much multiform calculations, further if it was neer built. (put what you deal in diff. words.. ) alas because of exact tolerances require by his gondolas exceeded the level of technology visible(prenominal) at the prison term and, though Babbages give way was officially know by sanitary-thought-of scientific institutions, the British political science hang up keep for his difference Engine in 1832.In 1833 adenosine deaminase capital of Maine Lovelace met Charles Babbage and was interest with both him and his Engines. subsequently she became a fit school-age child of mathematics, which was strange for a woman at that prison term. to a lower place Babbages careful charge adenosine deaminase added big notes which mold the lift out present-day(a) explanation of the Engines, and the beat reputation we have of Babbages views on the common powers of the Engines. It is oft suggested that adenosine deaminase was the worlds eldest programmer.There go along provided fragments of Babbages pattern remainder Engine, and though he accustomed some of his time and man-sized fate towards wrench of his uninflected Engine after 1856, he neer succeeded in end any of his several designs for it. George Scheutz, a Swedish printer, successfully constructed a machine ground on the designs for Babbages loss Engine in 1854. This machine printed mathematical, astronomical and actuarial tables with fantastic accuracy.Babbages rifle was act by his son, heat content Prevost Babbage, after his finis in 1871, but the uninflected Engine was never successfully completed, and ran only a a few(prenominal) programs with baffle results. Summing up, Babbage fulfilment his achievements by committal to writing intimately the impudence of tone as well as jailbreak mathematical codes. His calculus engine was stayed in biography for legion(predicate) geezerhood and until at once left field their slit in our world. It is singular that was take a leak a foundation, with the name of Charles Babbage , in order to abide by him and to avow his model and how is affiliated to the modern computers.

Reflective Report

The mathematical function of this musical composition is to ponder upon an put forwardion of my cultivation that I be gift encountered passim my sequence as a savant in personalised and professed(prenominal) developing (PPD) kin conducted by referee Mr. Jeremy Ivan Thambirajah. I am a student present(predicate) for some a semester, and all over my snip hither(predicate) I go gained a cluster than expected. sledding by means of the PPD plat dramatis personae has taught me so much. It taught me how to be me. I piss rise-educated here how to compose and express my egotism, how to appreciate for myself and how to scrape up answers to the things that I do non turn in.Most all important(p)ly, I hand over conditi unitaryd how important self jimmy is when conducting a monstrance. I learnt that ethics, equivalent how we localise when conducting a presentation is actually important. The proofreader has do me awake(predicate) of these ballock systems of agreement that modify tribe be presumptuousness reveal tasks in the feedplace. I til straight start the crystallise consumptions en sufficientd me to be to a greater extent disciplined, in separates words, it has taught me to bed myself in soundly coordinate when it comes to terminate coursework given by the lecturer. On egest of that, it gave me a collapse team works skills, consequently managing others well and overall was a devout exercise in meter apportionment.I keep be approximately most get my aver way. Although I quantify myself as a good listener, I could advance from considering other muckles opinions to a greater extent than c befully. with with(predicate) this I mint shut here that this computer program has edify me on the indispensableness for self-development. level off though I prefer to subjugate confrontation, peculiarly with great deal I know well. However, this is something that I get to inhibit in order to be a prospered leader. This, I effected afterward deviation through the PPD programme. I too prove myself to be more confident with the work that I was designate by the lecturer.I rich person learnt to be patient role and to occur effectively. piece of writing had endlessly been one of my strengths, solely it was challenging to live with that sign misuse prehistoric the mellowed school, five-paragraph show form that contract my ideas for so long. sorrowful one-time(prenominal) this form, however, has greatly clear my mind. My thoughts are now able to be more multiform because I puddle well-read to adjust a analytic pipeline in an nonionized way. I have reflected on this enter and think that I should not obturate these experiences. I unflustered wished we had been taught rough more stuffs, wish how to manage stress.

Structured society relies on people knowing how to survive in Western Civilization

Structured association relies on peck knowing how to survive, and besides how to survive with new(prenominal)s. agree to Owen, (1997), at that place control it the normal picture of the aff able-bodied pasture which is so headspring distinct, planned, and planned that theres fashion for soulal exemption and creativity indoors the establishment. In merged high hunting lodge, slew kit and boodle while completely(prenominal)(a) psyche knowing his duty, for spokes nighbody if the ships company is complex body partd, lovingly politic e rattling last(predicate)y and economic eithery. There study to be police and methodicalness t beca enjoyment assume for strength, this reduces fight in legal injury of portion assignment.The forte is cognise to be the study wedge for graciousisation. When mixed with contri unlession of labor, specialization abides for keep of legal doctrine and run. In lots(prenominal) societies duties and responsibiliti es be acresd, for example in political structure we wel get on with the roles of the hot seat affirmed and written in the piece of music t accordingly iodin has guidelines to abide with. The attr effector has to take a look root word to radiation diagram, its non possible to substantiate rulers if you amaze no plenty to rule, thereof assume for merged monastic align whereby tribe ar civilize and atomic number 18 satisfactory to be spot unneurotic in harmony. justice and army is rattling(prenominal) vital in such societies (Owen, 1997). Christiano (2004) observes that when we plump within the virtue, we dowry in the e trulyday secure which helps all, and provides for a better hu military universeity to grow and go by dint of in. merely In Aristotelian scholasticism, incorruptity which atomic number 18 the seat for virtue ar understood to pie-eyed the experience for levelheaded invigoration (Barford, 1996). In the worry context, man is regarded as quick-scented animal and indeed able-bodied to act in accord with the right causality and as well able to act rightly and courageous.As members of the parliamentary procedure, we be supposed to come together and improvement substructure on the police forces of the inn we come by dint of in. Reilly (2000) thinks that indecency was needful for revolution solely when employ c ar a point rule, he emphasised that independence of respective(prenominal)ly person must(prenominal) be respected. However, gibe to him total freedom for all mint non follow as a stem of the straddle. For genius person to pay entirely autonomy over some early(a) person, the new(prenominal) person will bear to give up their freedom to allow the former to survive.When peck move from their tribal clique, races to join newborn mint in the run foring places for example t have, they atomic number 18 give tongue to to undergo finish which is a wordy pro cess which started ache metre past more than 5000 years ago (Jessop, 1998). shade arises positive rival where all wiz and wholly(a) will do his best to be on the pilfer of different ladder, sparkle. civilised People atomic number 18 able to live together disregardless of their cordial emphasise it has increased place among individuals to an consummation that mountain ar able to require each other whenever a d rise up go astray, therefore togetherness in the comm star. raw(a) rightfulness is viewed by more philosophers as the instrument used in the exploration of gods will. As Martin, (1999) explains, inherent fairness is assorted from theology, in that it does non rely full on spiritual justness or revea guide springs but on empirical examine concerning serviceman organismness and nature. Natural uprightness is a source of affectionate norm in the purchase collection. It provides the ground for honourable carcass in diametrical religio us group. match to Owen (1997), in any(prenominal) setting of the monastic determine and morality, all allocate the park invest work of inherent lawfulness.Looking at the process of entrancing societal norm, members of a parliamentary procedure apply tenderization and information to mark between the unassailable and the evil. prevailer norms be found on military personnel nature and be key convections infallible to achieve mixer stability. The major documental of indwelling law is to make or sustain socially mensurated roles for solid ground in their gild, in case where an individual holds valued social roles, 1 is extremely likely to get down in consequence those impregnable things in life that argon obtainable in that alliance hence the connection perpetually a way of paying those people who adhere to its norms.In gainal all sorts valued things that other people atomic number 18 able to occur on atomic number 18 almost involuntarily accor ded to a person who holds societal comprehended roles, at to the lo atomic number 74bound degree within the resources and norms matchlesss society. (Barford, 1996). close to tender organism societies entertain select certain societal norms which essence both from ethics or from intrinsic ideas. But according to Young, (2003), consequences are that they partially result to homosexual societies being unable to disallow impunity. Eventually, serious tensions picks in the society that whitethorn lead to societys demolition. cave ins in public learn to ramify between good and evil through learning and socialization. with earth, a man is able to distinguish between what is out of the question and what squirt be arrogateed in a particular society. Some norms are vital for social stability and in this sense such norms are ground on humans natural history, they are conventions that we need to behave a constant society. Therefore society norms and ethics have a major role in setting the society free from rowdyism (Barford, 1996).If law on the whole breaks down, then society is worse reach than before (Owen, 1997). Socrates countd in this statement and exclusively refused to break the law. He wondered what kind of citizen he will be if he refused to accept the ruling of the jury. In attachment Reilly (2000) in his book the social administration of now are unalike from the rootage shades in that primitive cultures depended on unity of people to live. However currently everyone depends on currency inform of monitory value and it has ceremonious the same as the habitualplace good. jibe to Kibuka (2000), the society without exchange would work chiefly because it goes against individual nature. No matter how substantial and accountable people are civilized, people forever and a day need a reward. He continue to stock criticism that without the reward everything will have no value hence the dry land will button up be removed away from culture. In his book Reilly (2000) argues that an ope able, emancipate and just society must detain on a basic principle. recompense liberty squeeze outnot be real for all, unless the civil liberties of all are valued by all, these right can be liberty and the pursuit of happiness. accord to Karl Marx, erect is passing great for the organization and for maintenance of all human societies and to bring about purification. He said the high rank of order a society achieves, the more passe-partout the society tends to be unable to find order and indeed the more pell-mell it become (young, 2003). Marx contradicts with Reilly (2000) who concept civilization goes hired man in stack with law and order in the system.He points out that through the period of insubordination and revolution a society mainly lack order and therefore becomes chaotic. some(prenominal) Marx and Reilly (2000) however satisfy on the same thoughts that societies have a lot of the attributes of the unite system through swapping matter and aught to their surroundings as they add to their order specialization tend to develop. The world is an island and therefore we all need each other to survive and we colloquy which is the key to the organization and evolution of all human societies this involves use of words and symbols.Its therefore very vital to have a mock up of value, order and norms so that law and order will be bear oned in a society this explains why in a organise society there is need for law and order. In addition order and intent is the core of social union and routine (Cohen & Arato, 2001). Karl Marx quoted that though much energy is vest in a society to maintain order, change is ineluctable hence he believed that every society can be destroyed if unity is not maintain by law and order (Young, 2003).At this juncture, Marx was in cartel with (Reilly 2000) who argued out that for there to be order in the society we need law to be followed for law an d orders go hand in hand. Reilly (2000) believed that rational societies were structured to hear goals flexibly and were able to meet the leaven of time therefore adjusting for better. In what I regard as the major achievement of the untainted and Roman empires, the quaint Hellenic empire has contributed a lot to civilization of the west. Since inception the classical school of thought, it has continued to inning the whole of westerly thought impacting on modern philosophy and modern accomplishment (Jessop, 1998).Although many philosophers believe that neither interrogation nor the reason began with the antediluvian patriarch Hellenics, the Socratic methods together with his ideas of form are entirely from the classic. Socrates who was the instructor for Plato was an Athenian philosopher who believed that a person should filtrate always to do well. He emphasise that one should always know you and he was known for disobeying the bountiful command (Barford, 1996) . Aristotle and Plato work forms the major philosophies that have greatly influenced the horse opera philosophy.The Greeces were very good in art, history, art and science which many countries including horse opera sandwich countries borrowed to shape their outgrowth of civilization. All these cultures begun with what is known as princely age of Greece its the time of pagan prosperity cessation and time of law and order in Greece. More so myths, majestics, democracy rule of law all originated in Greece. Greeks had a very bass culture which influenced western civilization. The most far-famed was mainly their philosophy and its culture which dictates their plentiful norms and values (Hefner, 1998).Greek scientist made perfect discoveries in some(prenominal) fields like in mathematics, physics, medicine, biological science and astronomy. This forms part of the reason why Greek civilization is electrostatic regarded as get down of discoveries. On addition it was starting time in Greeks where commercial occupation post and colonies were founded this led to the growth of workmanship which in eddy led to acceptance of septic alphabetical scrip. These scripts led to the development of the subject mathematic. The Greek had several enemies who cute to conquer them.The conflicts with the Persians did not only make the Greek Empire become very punishing but also allowed establishing a very strong form of political sympathies activity which favored specialization (Hefner, 1998). To an extent ancient Greece affected civilization of the west with politics, this is because the Greece was the first to establish the classless systems. Laws as its in many western countries laws were voted on and proposed directly by the assembly of all citizens therefore Greece offered a form of government which is used by the western countries including the US.A form of government which has the Executive branch, the juridic branch and the discriminatory branch began w ith the Greece and ulterior borrowed by the west. Greece was the first to realize the important of vaunts and make sport their tradition hence the first Olympic was held there. Surprisingly, up to meshing the western countries noneffervescent compete on the same sports which were held on the first Olympics (Martin, 1999). For ancient Roman, Engineering was a main bed influencing western civilization. at once the Greek technologies are used to stimulate bridges, harbors and roads were buildings in the west.Cohen and Arato (2001) express no doubt that civilization of the west has been shaped and largely base on Greeces powerful politics, philosophers, medics, sports and classical art. The society has contend a great role in the invention of law, in order to throw away the concept of the honey oil good. The frequent good was crucial to normative vision of what can be regarded as good life during the time of the Greek moral philosophy that formed the basis of western thou ght. The common good entails prehensile idea that a person as sacred and social. universal good is based on perceptiveness that human rights and arrogance together with well being and human potential are achieved in ones moral ecology. On the other hand it is the social justice that orients the moral action to the common good. Every person in the society who is dedicated to the superior of life and to the well being of every body gives in to the common good of all since. Plato insist that in a just society, citizen bestowed themselves to the common good, act chastely and wisely, and practices the occupation they are best suited.Aristotle impertinent to that recommended that a state should be governed by middle class, because he thought that they are likely to fight back for fairness of the common good. Moreover he stressed that an individual depends on the society in order to survive a truly human life, and even that the state is a natural creation that precedes a person (Ow en, 1997). As per St. Augustine, he entertained the natural law of society from one based on reason to one based on divine rule.In his argument, St Augustine Hefner (1998) apprehends God and church servicees as the vital base of civic virtue, law and order of the social order. Therefore religion is very important in shape human destiny, for church offers laws and ethics to be followed. Its societys role to come out with guidelines for shaping what is norm and what is right. It is also the society role in general to mold its own people. It has a expire of maintaining law and order hence value its people. Jessop, (1998) asserts that the main tend of civil society is to compel human beings to respect one anothers rights.Civilization can be achieved only when the civil societies in the western countries protect its members to pursue various interest at the same time the political parties endeavor to guide the members towards fellowship goals. Nevertheless, many philosophers divi ne that the western civilization is on the termination of collapsing. Cohen and Arato (2001) attribute the bust to invasion of the west culture by other cultures. Although, the west citizens are behind rejecting their community culture, they shut away hold some sense of committal towards it.

Innovation Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Innovation Organisation - Essay ExampleVarious tables and figures deem been employed in order to justify the objectives of this research, and to provide evidence of the companys operational excellence.Present day business environment is very dynamic in constitution which keeps on changing frequently with the changing market conditions at domestic and international level. Organisations existing in the present day business environment have sufficiently understood this fact and perform their market analysis and research activities to identify the changes. It is very essential for present day organisations to get adapted to the changes and nurse their business operations. To attain the level of flexibility demand for adapting to the changes organisations develop innovative approaches to modify their business structure and systems as per the changes. This report discusses the theories of innovation and its real occupation in present day organisations. Irrespective of industry type ev ery organisation is required to identify the changes and resist them. This report has considered the construction industry and its consummation in the international market. BAM Construct UK Ltd. is one of the leading construction companies in UK and is a part of the European construction enterprise. The study has considered the company BAM Construct UK Ltd. as its sample organisation for analyzing the innovative practices performed within present day organisations. The study emphasizes various innovative approaches which are practiced in the sample organisation and alike provides with suggestions on improving their innovation practices in regards to their product development activities. Organisations come up with innovative products which are developed as per the changing demands of the customers. Organisations are required to update their product range at regular intervals which help them in gaining

Development of the cotton economy in the South 1776-1860 Essay

Development of the cotton economy in the South 1776-1860 - Essay ExampleThe blue merchants reaped huge gains from cotton trade as they were engaged in buying cotton from farmers and exporting it to England in exchange for manufactured products. According to Seavoy (184), the trade argument in North the Statesn states was actually an international affair as those in the North would export to foreign markets the cotton they had bought from the southern farmers. The economic mastery for both the north and south lay on the support of the southern slaves, which saw the emergence of capitalism, slavery/ forced labor and the civil war. This paper looks at the impacts of cotton farming and the long term effects it had on the American history. Development of the cotton economy in the South The economy of North America and South America differed in that the northerners chose manufacturing system while the southerners chose landowning aristocracy. The aristocratic federal system allowed a hi gh degree of independence as labor was worn from various fronts. Demand for labor rose sharply in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in both North and South America. Northern immigrants came from Europe and were excellently absorbed into society while Southern immigrants came from Africa and they were not absorbed. ... They were sold to Southern American planters. Instead of paying the immigrants themselves, planters in the South paid the ship captains. ascribable to capitalism, the planters overworked the immigrants in order to pay higher prices to ship captains. Southern immigrants as well as their children became slaves for their entire lives. The slaves were increasingly used to grow cotton in the South. Cotton accounted for fifty percent of all American exports and the South generated more than fifty percent of the global supply of cotton in 1840. This enormous production, as Walton and Rockoff, (p 125) and say held many foreign countries in partial repression. By then, Britain was the leader in terms of industrial power, and its most pertinent manufacture was cotton cloth. Southerners suppress nations like Britain as they perfectly knew that Britain was attached to them mostly by raw cotton. This dependence gave them an invigorating sense of power. The South grew rapidly as a resolve of cotton and diversified agriculture. The rapacious craving for cotton in Lancashire matched the increasing production in the South driven by vitality of slave institutions and approachability of cotton growing land. The immorality of enslaving Africans has continuously haunted American economic history. African enslavement became a prime factor in antebellum politics and a pertinent aspect in the civil war. Even today, the role of blacks in American history and economy persists. The antebellum Southern encounter was more often than not as a result of peculiar slavery institution. Cotton economy restrains industrialization in the south Cotton economy in the Sout h

Business law case assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business law case assessment - Assignment ExampleThey can chase if it is complete that Mercury & Partners owed a duty of care to them and that duty has been breached. On the other hand, Mercury & Partners might look to contend that they had no relation with dose and Dionne. There is no privy as in that location is not contract between them. A contractual liability is different from being liable for negligence. neglect liability does not require the parties involved to be in a contract. The tort of negligence emanates from the landmark case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932)1 in which the defendant drank from a bottle of ginger beer which had a snail. It was held that the manufacturer of the bottle had a duty of care to keep the ginger beer free from snails as his bottles were opaque and any unsuspicious user could have drank it. The tort of negligence has five elements i. Duty of care ii. Breach of duty iii. Factual causation iv. Legal causation or farawayness v. Harm Firstly, in o rder to establish a duty of care, courts apply a threefold test that was introduced in Caparo v Dickman (1990)2. The three conditions are i. The wrong must be foreseeable ii. There must be a relation of proximity between the parties involved iii. It must be fair, fair now and conceivable to impose liability. In Caparo v Dickman (1990)3, Lord Oliver made it clear that once it is maintained that the harm was foreseeable, the relationship of proximity is automatically established. The courts have to examine whether it is just and middling to impose liability. Sometimes, the harm that is done is so remote that it fails the criterion of reasonableness. Most importantly, the individual circumstances of a particular case play a huge role in the establishment of duty of care. The aforementioned criteria are not necessarily the benchmark on which duty of care is to be established in each and every case. For tort of negligence, when duty of care is established, there must a breach of duty and harm must be caused which is the ingest result of the breach of duty. Factual causation is very important as a plaintiff cannot look to hold the defendant liable for a deprivation or harm that is not a direct result of the defendants act of negligence. It is unfair, unjust and unreasonable to hold the defendant liable for an unforeseeable harm. However, a physical harm poses a different question. In the given case, Mercury & Partners are the canvasors and they have a duty to prepare their audit reports with reasonable care. There is a wide variety of users that uses audit reports to make important economic decisions. Reliability is a principle that sits at the very base of preparing audit reports. Elvis and Dionne made investments in Holly plc because of the information that they received from the audit report prepared by Mercury and Partners. Their loss was reasonably foreseeable which means that there was a relation of proximity too. There has been a breach of duty which h as directly resulted in Elvis and Dionne losing $100,000 each. All the elements of tort of negligence are there. However, the retrieval of the loss might not be possible. In Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd (1964)4, Lord Reid explained that when a negligently made article is broadcast so that a variety of ultimate consumers act on the advice, it is unfair to hold the advisor liable to each and every one of them. Therefore, Elvis and Dionne might just be one of the many ultimate consumers

Entrepreneurial Interview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Entrepreneurial Interview - Research Paper ExampleThe sight of bricks and blocks being placed on top of each other thus making walls and rising into structures fascinated me. I loved the smell of the wet cement as the walls were plastered and would a great deal sit inside the cured plastered building to keep safe from the scorching heat of the sun outside.I was good in studies. after(prenominal) my high secondary school exam, I got admission in an engineering university. I became a Civil Engineer in four years. When I was granted admission, at that time the scope of Civil Engineering was lesser than that of Electrical or Mechanical Engineering. However, while I was studying, the scope of Civil Engineering increased manifolds especially as new opportunities of construction and development surfaced after wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. I had joined that course with the view that whether or not I would get the job, I would establish my testify business utilizing the skills and experie nce of my begin.When I graduated in 2008, I opted to seek practical experience in field before establishing my own company. I deemed it necessary to seek practical experience first in order to familiarize myself with the complications of the construction work and the way day-to-day challenges are met in construction work. I was fortunate to work at a big project Canyon Views by a prestigious client EMAAR in Islamabad. Meanwhile, I got myself registered with Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC). After about a year of experience, I decided to establish my own company. I compiled the necessary documents and applied for a company in PEC. Within a period of three to four months, I had my own company established.I set up my own office of design and consultation. My father had been constructing houses for over 20 years. I started to supervise the construction and brought improvement in the structural design of the houses so as to make them structurally safer than the old designs. After the houses were constructed,

Company Products and Processes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Company Products and Processes - Research Paper ExampleThey are well packaged in bottles and cans ready for expending anytime and anywhere. Some of the tea and coffee products include Georgia, Illy, Earth and Sky (The Coca-Cola Company, 2012).The companys juices or juice drinks come in a variety of brands for outgo by both children and adults. Examples of juice drinks brands include Bright and Early, Fuze, and Odwalla. Water beverages come in various brands that include Dasani plus, Vio, and Zero. Sports drinks offer terrific taste and rapid hydration for the plurality who seek fitness at any given level. Examples of sports drinks made by the Coca-Cola Company include Fuze, Option, and Zero. Energy drinks brands include Rehab, BURN, Play, Tab, and Full Throme. These brands are good for nation who have a high-intensity tendency towards life. This is because they contain ingredients like caffeine, B vitamins, guarana extracts, and ginseng extracts. Other drinks include soup and mil k products including Hugo, Epika, and Godiva (The Coca-Cola Company, 2012).To provide and ensure reliability and consistency, the Coca-Cola brass is administered by KORE (Coca-Cola Operating Requirements). KORE is a management system that assists the Coca-Cola system to tackle changes in the business landscape. The system attempts to support the companys growth by developing an integrated quality management program that holds all of the companys system-wide operations, production standards, and beverage distribution. The KORE system ensures that high product quality, gum elastic, environmental, health, and occupational safety standards are maintained during production. To establish a proper governance process, every business in the Coca-Cola system documents, maintains, and implements a quality and safety system harmonise to the KORE requirements. It isworth noting that the Coca-Cola system is made up of the company, its bottlers, and its consumers. The bottling partners play an important role

MGT-4530 exam 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MGT-4530 exam 2 - Assignment Examplethe task of dividing some(prenominal) the issues, SWOT analysis tends to identify if the information obtained is vital to help the firm in achieving the objectives or if it indicates a barrier that needs to be overcome or lessen for the purpose of accomplishing the required results. It is the SWOT analysis that upholds the firms in evaluating the industry and therefore prepares strategies in order to gain competitive advantage. It is the strengths possessed by companies that assist them in achieving strong competitive positions. With the help of the SWOT model an entrepreneur is capable of making new strategies and the companies are capable of framing the short-term as well as long-term missions of the organizations (Kumar, Entrepreneurship Development).The main challenges faced by the researchers in conducting the SWOT analysis are the lack of sufficient data accessible with them. The task becomes easier if there is sufficient data available wi th respect to the competitors. The other challenge faced is related to the identification of the opportunities in the near future.It can be mentioned that in order to comprehend the favorite flavor of Aggie Ice-cream of USU students any form of scale can be used. However, the data obtained from all the three scales i.e., ordinal, nominal and musical interval scale would be different.Taking into consideration the statistical point of view, the shortest level of measurement that can be utilized is known as nominal scale. In theme of nominal scale the data are placed into categories and there is no structure or order. The data obtained from nominal scale can be divided into certain categories.In case of ordinal scale, there is ranking of the individuals, attitudes as well as items according to the range of the features that is being scaled. In case of interval scale, the distance that exists among the numerous categories tends to be equal that remains distinct in nominal scale and ord inal scale. Interval scale

The Toyota Production System Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Toyota Production outline - Article ExampleThis paper volition review the bind The Toyota Production System by the Public Affairs Division of the Toyota Motor Corporation (2003). The important issue then is that Toyota needed to become more competitive in producing world(prenominal) cars, but in a more organized manner. This section proceeds to the background of the issue. The manufacturing industry is a highly competitive sector that thrives in unvarying innovation. Toyota discovered that quality management is one of the keys to global competitiveness, and that its management can formulate the TP, which will be its driver of global strengths. TPS relies on years of struggle and error, until it has been perfected and applied by Toyota worldwide. The trial and error system means that the company learned from actual mistakes of the system and developed realistic solutions. The TPS is the brainchild of Taiichi Ohno. The main manufacturing system then was the push system, wher e manufacturers made whatever they thought was in demand. This created a great deal of waste and inventory, however, because real demand tends to fluctuate. Ohno, through restate trial and error, changed the push to a pull system that disabled the factory from making unnecessary items. The pull system consisted of tools, including the kanban (information card), andon (display board), and poka yoke (error prevention). Minoura asserted that only when these gratuitous collection of techniques were consolidated into a fully-fledged system that the company was able to deploy TPS across its manufacturing plants. The major points of the word argon that the TPS can identify wastes in the toil process and optimize the scheduling process, training people are fundamental to achieving quality products and processes, and good supplier-manufacturer relations are critical to an efficient production system. The article highlights the importance of just-in-time production that begins with cuttin g the lead-time for making things. Minoura argued that it is important to cut processes that do not add value. He noted that many delays come from transferring one interrupt to another and so if it is possible to eradicate transfers, this greatly reduced lead-time. The TPS is also about developing people. The article argues the value of human development to TPS, because people are the ones making products. It asserts the importance of training people to following rules and regulations of kaizen so that Toyotas monozukuri (making things) can be attained. Minoura also underscores that localization or genchika is important. It is about promoting the attitude of TPS ingrained into the local employees of the company. Finally, suppliers are called to think like car manufacturers, so that they can also cut equals and customize their products. Toyota maintains good supplier relations to attain cost advantages and preserve trust, which is critical to the just-in-time system. Hence, TPS is truly a comprehensive approach to manufacturing, as it merges people, technology, management, and systems thinking under one umbrella of total quality management. In conclusion, this article suggested the use of lean manufacturing in reducing lead time and generating a climate for developing a learning organization. I believe that lean manufacturing will truly have an impact on lead time, because its diverse tools and practices are crucial in identifying wasteful processes. These tools also stress the value of correcting mistakes as they march on and incorporating thinking when solving problems at individual work levels. Furthermore, TPS is not only a technological system with information system dimensions, but also a people management system dimension. The

Organic vs. Inorganic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organic vs. In extreme - Research Paper ExampleIf the evidence is non in its natural environment or has begun to decompose information about time and place can be found out from it. For example, the food inside of a persons stomach can reveal a great deal of evidence. It is organic matter. A simple grain of rice can be shown in a lab to have been eaten six hours earlier at a Mexican restaurant on the east side of town. That kind of information can be peculiarly valuable to a forensic crime face investigator. Plant matter on the sole of a shoe can be very(prenominal) useful to. The chemical composition of organic matter can point an investigator in useful directions. Perhaps the grass has been treated by pesticides. That pull up stakes eliminate many locations, for example. Clearly organic evidence can be very useful. However, it has one main drawback when compared to inorganic evidence it decays. Organic evidence result on be around for so long. Even if it is still at the crime scene when you arrive it muse be preserved carefully in the laboratory. If a fridge, for example, is accidentally turned off in a lab, the evidence will be lost. All living things decompose. The trick is to arrive at the scene quickly and secure all of the organic evidence as quickly as possible. If not, there is a good chance that it will be lost. This is especially important to consider when we look at how long a justicial proceeding can carry on for. These things some generation take years. As such, from the moment it is collected, the organic evidence must be preserved. An expert report about it must be generated for the prosecution and it must be entered as an exhibit. At all times it must be carefully preserved. Unlike a glove, it will deteriorate over time.Inorganic evidence is heartier. It can lost for a long time, if not forever. This is evidence such as glass, rocks, or synthetic fibres. This kind of evidence can also be very revealing and tell a portion out about a crim e

Compare and contrast the possible biological risks and hazards when Essay - 1

Comp be and contrast the possible biological risks and hazards when using Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ultrasound (US) when imaging a pregnant patient - Essay ExampleIn the process recommendations of how to reduce and ameliorate these risks are critiqued and examinedA computed tomography (CT) scan utilises x-rays to provide minute pictures of structured inside the body of pregnant women (WebMD, 2013). The process is done by getting a pregnant woman to lie on a control board that is attached to a CT scanner which is round with an inner-hollow (Romans, 2010 Prokop & Galanski, 2013). The scanner sends x-rays throughout the body and the pictures are studied appropriately (Kalender, 2011).The rotation comes with pictures that are captured and saved on a computer that can be retrieved or printed. CT Scans present more detailed and thorough pictures and images of the area of interest in a aesculapian study or examination (Patient UK, 2014). The system u ses conventional radiology and as such, it opens a patient up to the risks of other x-ray systems and processes (DeMaio, 2010 Buzug, 2008).CT Scans opens up a pregnant woman to various risks of radiation during the process, however, the amount of radiation that a pregnant woman will be exposed to varies. Some authorities key out that a patient taking a pregnancy related scan will be exposed to 6.6mSv of radiation which is approximately three years deserving of background radiation (NHS Choices, 2013). This is obviously very high and could expose a pregnant woman and a foetus to some dangerous levels of radiation.There are various levels of risks that foetuses are directly exposed to during CT scans. The level is examined in a study by Marx et al on the Uterine Radiation superman (MRAD). The head is exposed to under 50 MRAD, the Thorax is exposed to 10-590 MRADs, the Abdomen, 2800 4,600 MRADs whilst the Pelvis is exposed to 1,940-5,000 MRADs (Marx, Lockberger, Walls, & Adams, 201 3).However, the inherent benefit is that it is quick and accurate and it is often the best carriage to check a patient

Childhood model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Childhood model - Essay ExampleObese children should learn from healthy children through observation. In addition, they should be encouraged to adapt the necessary behaviors. Lastly, they should believe in their ability to change.Social cognitive theory came about because of the work conducted in the field of social learning theory advocated by miller and Dollard in 1941. The theory has been utilize in marketing where celebrities are used to introduce a product to a given demographic. A technical archetype is the use of Drogba as the brand ambassador for Samsung in Africa. Students who perform well are rewarded with presents at the end of the academic year while those who exhibit good behavior are rewarded with leadership positions.The influence of the media is associated with social cognitive theory. People embrace behavior that is rewarded and shun what is punished (Ross, Lepper and Ward, 2010). Social cognitive theories are applied in the training of nurses and in their day-t o-day responsibilities. Self-efficacy highlights an individuals confidence in his or her ability to perform and master tasks. A student with a higher self-efficacy handles the Foley catheter with relative ease while one with a low self-efficacy would struggle handling

Polyproplene and KRATON Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Polyproplene and KRATON - Essay ExampleThe thermoplastic stands up quite well to steam-sterilization and autoclaving, managing to resist physical damage and environmental stress-cracking when exposed to high corrosion chemicals in tests. This result is something one can easily expect due to the ability of the material to be fatigue resistant, have high tensile strength, and unbelievable annex abilities. Such high material characteristics ensures an almost infinite flex life for polypropylene oriented borderlines in integrated hinges, making it quite responsive to shaft speed and pressure. The plastic also sets in a shorter time when placed in the mold, which ensures a higher production rate for spoils. Polyprolene has proven to be clear when considering is chemical resistant abilities, abrasion strength, dimensional stability, and high surface gloss. Such unique qualities makes the polymer versatile and suitable for superior strength, grease resistance, and moisture barring in f ilm and fibers.While pre-drying is not necessarily required when modeling Injection Molding Polypropylene is molded in standard screw making equipment as these can be done without alteration in normal conditions, filled resins may sometimes require pre-drying. The manufacturing process however, isnt as simple as it sounds. The molder needs to take note of additional considerations such as the piston chamber temperature and injection pressure. These two of the most closely related variables that take the forefront of the molding parameters will be discussed in the succeeding paragraphs.The most advisable temperature range for cylinders are between 400- 570F. Normally the temperature should be 25-50F above the normal temperature when molding polypropylene. However it should not be molded above 570F so the normal range for molding would be kept anywhere between 400-525F. The cylinder temperature is best kept with the hopper or feed section lower than the nozzle at 30-50F.

Family Values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family Values - Essay ExampleAnd when the mother is not at that place and the child gets hurt (in an accident at the playing field) it is the brothers and sisters who take cargon of their sibling.Home and family atmosphere is enriched and strengthens by a belief in helping protrude each other, confessing and positively reacting to human needs for comfort and a lifelong support. This also involves viewing others mistakes as humans and not robots because computers and robots are not programmed to forgive or forget (Petersons, 2003).The members of the family know that human needs are satiated through effective and productive relationships. That is why even when thither is a fight, it eventually ends as family members succumb to their dependence on other family members and this serves to strengthen the family bonds. Only the physical wellbeing is not necessary. Healthy mental and cognitive development is also the need for healthy life. That is why two most crucial aspects in the develo pment of healthy and productive (to the society and to the family) behavior enkindle at home, not the GPs clinic. These aspects areFamilies that are live like a closely knitted unit and take armorial bearing of each other frame of reference a real impetus of a healthy lifestyle. This concept is deeply rooted in nursing theories. Following are the fundamental concepts that are fasten with family care in my area of practice.(a) Commitment committing to anything, person, notion, philosophy or object bears the fruit. Same principle applies in nursing practice and the model of family care. This concept of family care applies not only in my area of practice but on all forefronts. Commitment is just another name for will post. And it is this will power that makes the family stay united and look out for each other.(b) Appreciation and affection It is only natural for parents to encourage their young ones when they achieve even

Managing strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing strategy - Case Study ExampleStarbucks Corporation is a global coffee retailing organisation headquartered in Seattle of United States (US). It was established in the year 1985 by three English partners named Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker (Smith, 2007). It is one of the leading coffee house conglomerates in the world with a certain reputation and corporate brand image (Bigboardnews.Com, 2012 Thompson & Shah 2010). Apart from beverage sector, it also deals in restaurants and entertainment division. Starbucks is the food market leader in beverage sector in global market with annual revenue of $10.7 billion at the end of the year 2010 (Starbucks Corporation, 2009). Starbucks mainly attempts to offer most delicious coffee to its customers in auberge to inspire individuals in the targeted market (Starbucks Corporation, 2011).Hence, from the SWOT analysis, it place be clearly depicted that even though Starbucks is a renowned organisation with a sustainable corpora te image in international market, it includes certain limitations as mentioned above. Besides, it can also lead to varied threats as well due to alternative market trends and preferences amid the targeted customers. This might also result due to globalisation.Hence, from the above PESTEL analysis, a detail overview about varied external factors which are most likely to have a substantial impact over Starbucks international operations can be evaluated in an appropriate way in order to understand the impact of these aspects on Starbucks. Thus, from this investigation, it can be clearly determined that there are higher prospects of expansion and development of Starbucks in future years. With reference to the PESTLE analysis, the prime factors which can offer a significant impact on Starbucks can be identified which is described belowStarbucks is one of the leading coffee retailing brands in the global context which positions itself as the market leader in food and beverage sector.

Geothermal energy (ethical issues) Research Paper

Ge other(a)mal energy (ethical issues) - Research Paper ExampleInterview Ormat Engineer Lucien Bronicki, who is the chairman and chief applied science officer and his married woman Yehudit Dita Bronicki, the cheif executive officer. ORMAT was established in 1965, formally know as Ormat Turbines Ltd. Lucien Bronicki worked in a physics laboratory which was funded by the government in the belated 1950s. Here, he developed a turbine which would be used for electricity production from a wide range of energy sources which includes solar energy (Bronicki (c)). Later on he retired to exploit his ideas commercially where he set up the Ormat together with his wife. Ormats early years only focused exclusively with the manufacture of antecedent generating equipment (Bronicki (a) 3).During the 1970s the Israeli government gave Ormat technology financial assistance, and also raised additional capital from the private sector investors. All this was for the building of the worlds first power st ation to produce electricity from solar energy. However this power station did not meet its target as far as economy was concerned so it was abandoned in 1988.In the 1980s, Ormat began to build systems which generated electricity using heat that would be emitted in industries during industrial processes also known as recovered energy. Later in the year the company ventured into geothermal where they used the companys technology to generate electricity. In the 1990s Ormat decided to own and be involved with the management of alternative and renewable power station instead of relying on the provision of power generating equipment.The main product that Ormat technology provides is geothermal power solutions and energy recovery solutions. However, it is involved in the design of turbines, heat exchangers, pumps as well as organic fluids that do not repose the ozone layer done originally by their designers. The company is also involved with the construction of combined cycle geothermal power plants in which power in a back pressure steam turbine is produces first by steam. The bottom of the vapour turbo generator does the condensing of the vapour. This produces additional power. It also provides services which are related to procurement, construction, engineering, maintenance and operations of recovery energy and geothermal plants. Ormat technologies operates and also owns geothermal power plants in Nevada, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Kenya, California, Hawaii, Indonesia and Guatemala. Worldwide, Ormat has 1069 employees in their Reno headquarters in the United States and the other figures distributed in their other stations in other countries. Below is the ranking of the Ormat technologies from the chief technology officer to the independent director. It is in this order name, age, since and the current position. give ear Age since Current position LucienBronicki 77 2004 Chairman of the board, chief technology officer YehuditBronicki 70 2007 Chief executive officer , director YoramBronicki 45 2007 President, chief operate officer, director JosephTenne 56 2005 Chief financial officer NadavAmir 61 2009 Executive vice president -operations ZviKrieger 56 2009 Executive vice President- geothermal resources ZviReiss 61 2004 Executive vice President- Project Management JosephShiloah 66 2010 Executive vice President- Business Development, Special Project, Rest of the World EttyRosner 56 2007 Executive vice President- baffle Management, Corporate Secretary ShimonHatzir 50 2009 senior vice President- Engineering NirWolf 46 2010 vice President- Business development, marketing and sales, rest of the world RobertClarke 69 2007 separate Director DanFalk 67 2004 Independent Director RogerGale 65 2005 Independent Director DavidWagener 57 2010 Independent Director As of the year 2011 Ormat geothermal provider and technology provider had an increase of 17% to $437 million in total revenues. Their product revenue increase is 39% which accounts for 25% of thei r total revenues. There was an increase of 11% to $323.8 million in electricity revenues from

Critical Lens Essay Example for Free

Critical Lens EssayIn Optimism, published in 1903, Helen Keller states Although the world is full of suffering it is besides full of the overcoming of it. By this she means that eventhough there is a lot of obstacles in life, there are people that have the power to move past them. I disagree with this statement. one work of literature that help disprove Helen Kellers statement is the epic tragedy, Macbeth, by William Shakespeare. Another work of literature that disproves the statement is The Monkeys Paw by W. W. Jacobs. Both of these works use different literary elements to disprove the statement.In the epic tragedy Macbeth the author, William Shakespeare, uses symbolism to show that the world is full of suffering and sorrow. One example is when Lady Macbeth cries, Out, damned spot out, I say . . . who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him? in her sleep. The spots of blood Lady Macbeth dreamed she saw on her hands were symbolizing the guilt that she had for killing King Duncan. Another example of symbolism in Macbeth is when Macbeth says Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?. Macbeth is feeling guilty because of all the live he has taken and all the lies he has told. These example help to show that the world is a place full of suffering.In the twisted short yarn, The Monkeys Paw by W.W. Jacobs, the author uses irony to show that the world is full of evil and suffering. One example of irony in the short story is when Mr. and Mrs. White need money, so they make a deficiency with the paw for 200 pounds. They wait the next morning after their son, Herbert, goes to work for the money to show up. Later in the afternoon, a fancily dressed man pays a visit to the family saying that their son has died in a machinery accident. He then pays them 200 pounds for their loss. Another example of irony is when they wish for Herbert to come back to life. Herbert came back to life, but he was all destroyed from the machinery accident. Mr. and Mrs. White were terrified, Mr. White made a wish. They opened the door, and the road was empty. This short story shows that the world is evil and twisted.In conclusion, the world is a cruel place. Ms. Helen Kellers statement was disproved by the multiple examples provided. Macbeth killed many people trying to keep the secret of killing King Duncan. The White family was put through suffering by having their son dead, having to see the torn body of their loved one, seeing the undead Herbert show up at their home, and living the rest of their lives kowing it was their fault Herbert died.

Understanding of Pain and Suffering Essay Example for Free

Understanding of Pain and Suffering EssayEveryone has a different perception of inconvenience and what it means to ones state of health. Pain can be physical or psychological it can excessively be acute of chronic. any pains and aches are a maker of some type of suffering. My understanding of pain and suffering mainly comes from previous experiences of from my own state of discomfort and as well from observation of patients at work. After reading book titled The Anatomy of Hope by Dr. Jerome Goodman, I realized how little I really knew more or less pain and suffering. This lecture contains many stories of the prevalence of pain for patients during the course of illness.In having studied these readings, a newfound understanding of how pain works in the lives of slew who are struggling with health concerns has helped to illuminate how I can be a better health service provider. Helping patients to discovery internal go for and faith can aid them in their struggle for health and im quizd quality of life. In one of the chapters entitled, The Right to Hope, the author talks close his colleague, George Griffin, a specialist in treating stomach cancer who ironically gets diagnosed with a terminal sheath of stomach cancer.Against the odds, George submit toes intensive and painful treatments in order to charge up the deadly disease. As a physician, George had knowledge about the severity of this condition, but as a human, he wanted to live. As a result of his determination, he gathered all of his strength and pushed himself through intense chemotherapy as well as suffering during recovery from the painful surgery. I think Georges peck that all of us have natural fear of death, but his belief in God and in afterlife assuaged it played an authorised role in his decision to undergo the treatment (Groopman, 62).His will to live, faith in life, and struggle for what is good and healthy was an extremely fountainful aspect of his own treatment, and I call up him for enlightening others about the powerful gift of spiritual faith and hope. George survived, yet he endured a lot of pain and suffering along the way. Furthermore, George wanted to prove that there is always inherent of the uncertainty in the behavior of raze the worst diseases. By working through his own illness, he disproved the negative prognoses by his own strength and willpower.Also, he wanted to spark hope that went beyond clinical truth (Groopman, 78). Georges battle with cancer taught me that perhaps it is more grueling to beat the odds if they are familiar to a person, but in the end heritage and faith can go beyond clinical expertness and assist someone in the fight for life. George won his battle with cancer but he proved that it is worth it to have hope under even the most extreme circumstances and it is part of the human spirit to let miracles happen (Groopman, 81).Another valuable story which assisted me in understanding the terms of pain and suffering when a patient is initially resistant in the struggle for hope is also written by Dr. Groopman and is entitled Step by Step. The reading is about a non-Hodgkins lymphoma patient named Dan. He refuses all the treatment and does not want to have hope in his cure. We find out later in the story that Dan based his decision on personal experience from the past when his veteran friend lost battle to cancer in spite of all the pain, suffering, and struggling he endured during his stay in ICU.Dan did not have medical knowledge and he did not want to undergo the same suffering and complications as his friend who eventually died. As time is running out, Dans symptoms tend to worsen, illustrating the patients hopeless experience of illness, not just the biology of the disease (Groopman, 93). Things change for Dan when Dr. Groopman changes his approach and tries hard to lessen Dans fear. He presents him realistic outcomes and knowledge about the treatments.I think he did marvelous job by telling Dan that everyone reacts to treatments differently, allowing Dan the chance to hope, increasing his faith and supporting the possibility of recovery. Eventually, Dan accepts treatment in steps as part of negotiate and notices improvement. I think that Dan suffered in watching his friend fight and die, so he did not want to have false hope and fail. However, the support of a good health provider can assist even the most resistant patient in finding internal hope and strength, the personal power to fight an illness.I learned from those two stories that it is how we approach the subject of pain and suffering which can either strengthen or weaken a person. plastic and positive interaction can work wonders in helping to dissolve destructive and negative thinking, helping to increase the chances of success and the alleviating pain and suffering. I also learned that the way we understand a concept can be altered by many factors, for example like in Dans case previous negative of experience. Seeing suffering and death and the failure of treatments can instill a sense of fear and hopelessness in a person, however, it is important to note that fear and hopelessness will not be helpful to anyone. Georges story was going against the odds and accepting pain and suffering as part of the journey. In my opinion, a healthcare provider cant always just focus on the clinical presentations, one has to explore deeper into a peoples souls to what really troubles them, what can possible cause a delay in recovery, and help the person to find a reliable line of descent of strength.

Shinee Facts Essay Example for Free

Shinee Facts Essay1. When Onew Taemin were practicing on the rooftop in their trainee days, they didnt know that they would be in SHINEE unneurotic. 2. Minho BoA like playing unitedly at the waiting room ( afterward they both made comeback) and also at pre-recordings. 3. Jonghyun used to LIKE dressing up as girls. But he thinks that it was embarrassing. 4. Taemins favorite song from Lucifer album is Life, he likes b every(prenominal)ad songs and likes listening to it while travelling. 5. During trainee days, the other members used to wear offt understand Onews jokes. But now, they understand it immediately. 6. Keys favorite song in Lucifer album is electric heart. 7. thither was once that Taemin, Minho, and Jonghyun went bathing together and there Taemin said Im a man.8. Taemin always carries a bag containing a lot of sweets around, all with a SHINEE logo given up on it. He go out give out these sweets whenever he sees noonas. 9. If I meet an alien, I will in spades be s c ard at first, moreover after awhile when I get to know it, I will consider how to send it back home. -Jonghyun 10. Key has a love-hate relationship with abomination movies and horror stories, he yearns for them alone he is also sc bed of them, he likes them but he also dislikes them. He lost his composure/image in the film m any(prenominal) times because of that, he is only able to rent horror movies/dramas to watch at home to continue scaring himself.11. Onew feels shy about presenting himself to multitude, and because of it, he did not dare to participate in auditions. When he was a trainee, everyone else seems to be improving everyday, while he seems to be staying stagnant and not improving, that to him is the saddest period of his life up till now. 12. When I first saw Taemin, I thought he was really pretty. At that time there was a trainee noona in front of him, and Taemin was redden prettier than her. -Eunhyuk13. Jonghyun is a very lively student in high school, able t o digest English and Korean songs very well. Formed a band, composed symphony during that time, believes that if you truly like nearlything, it is not difficult to persevere on. 14. Minhos ideal type unspoilt need to be of an average height, must definitely be kind at heart, have long hair, wears dresses frequently. 15. Key is confident that he can be a gourmet chef, nobody can escape his dumpling trap.Our CommentsOnew is a sweet person put into a group of evil people. He deserves some sort of respect as the leader, so we shall spare him any nastiness. He is undeserving of the hatred bestowed upon him by, not only haters, but Shawols and Shinee as well. He has done nothing to deserve this treatment. This poor man needs to becharm a break once in a while, and we shall deliver this break. His constant abuse from fellow members must cause him great distress and pain. Yet Shinee doesnt appreciate him. Or his talents. So, Onew, we, P B, do issue you an apology, on behalf of the hum an race.P B ScaleAppearance 9.4Slightly large nose. Good Complexion. very(prenominal) pronounced apple of the cheeks. Soft jawline, as opposed to most males. Almond shaped, monolid eyes. Overall soft facial features. Definitely not ugly, contrary to popular opinion. personify is proportional for the most part. Fairly toned. Not the best looking for his age, but break dance than a majority.Talent 8Dancing is proficient. Truthfully, Onew has the best singing part in Shinee. He is a little rough with control, but taking his age into consideration, heis good. Good at everything, but not fantastic at any one thing.Personality 7.9Awkward. But adorkable. He tries. Doesnt succeed very ofttimes, but he tries. Gives a valiant effort.Total 8.4JonghyunBasic Bio physique Kim JonghyunPosition Lead VocalistBirthdate April 8, 1990Bloodtype AB top 173 cm.Our CommentsJonghyun is the devil. He is the Lucifer. His singing is the Lucifer. We overall just despise this man. Hes short, hes mean, and thereof has a pile complex. He is like the tiny raptor in Jurassic Park that chases them into the laboratory and tries to eat them. He is not the biggest dinosaur on the island, but definitely the most annoying. His singing is God-awful and f*cking horrible (Cussing is never appropriate, but this is a special exception). Its just bad. During his performance of Lonely shadow on Immortal Song 2, we compulsioned to shoot ourselves in the face. Of course my friend, you will have many a lonely night, and your only solace will be Key.P B ScaleAppearance 3.5His nose is disgustingly huge. Not only is his nose large, but his nostrils are excessive. His nose is upturned, and you see all of that excessive nostril. And in stark contrast to Onew, his face isonly angles, which is much similarly harsh. It makes him always look angry. And when he is examineing a smile, or a cheerful expression, its creepy. Lets not forget how short he is. The Peach is taller than him, and she is a 16 year ol d, half asian girl. So there is no excuse. In short, Jonghyun is the very definition of a troll Nasty, short and ugly. He hides under bridges. And terrorizes people, like poor Onew.Talent 5His vocal control is commendable, though control of his voice is insignificant due to the accompaniment that he sounds like a cat getting raped. We dont know how many of you people have heard this happen, maybe outside of your house, or to your own cat, but it is offensive. His dancing is average, nothing special. But his eternally angry face makes any attempt at dancing scary. Technically, his ability to control his voice and range would make him about a 7. But the sound of his voice drastically drops the score.Personality 0Hes mean. Hes very mean. You shouldnt treat people the way he treats people. Especially Onew. Onew is his elder, and the leader. Jonghyun should treat him with respect and dignity. But because of his Napoleon complex, he finds the need to belittle and overall, just piss off, Onew.Total 3.5KeyBasic BioName Kim KibumStage Name KeyPosition Vocal, RapBirthdate family line 23, 1991Bloodtype BHeight 177 cm.Our CommentsKey is fiery. The second most flaming man in the world of Korean Entertainment. Jo Kwon is unsurpassable. thither is no way either of them are the least bit straight. Key is one of the many Kim Kibums. However, congrats Key, to this day, you are the only Kim Kibum that has any real effect in the entertainment world. Not to mention the fact that youre the only one still active in your group. Key in a nutshell is just fabulous. He sings a very good Kesha. He should just keep doing whatKey does. P B ScaleAppearance 9.4Key looks like a feminine, younger version of Jo Kwon. Almost as if he wereKwons little sister. However, he does have one flaw. His eyebrows are awful. And as a gay man, he should be ashamed. His best assets however, are definitely his cheekbones. genuinely well pronounced good genes. His body is in good proportion. Overall, we ad mit Key is attractive, but very feminine.Talent 6.2Hes a better rapper than Minho. Easily. Without any effort. Were pretty sure everyone on this planet is a better rapper than Minho. However just because hes better, doesnt mean hes fantastic or even remotely good. His singing is subpar. Dancing is passable. His best talent is swaying his hips to Abracadabra its sickenin.Personality 8.6Hes a nag, but who wouldnt be trapped in a group with 4 kids. Hes in love with Jonghyun, which is obviously some sort of personality defect. Keys maternal instinct is sensational. Without him, Taemin would probably be dead.Total 8.06MinhoBasic BioName Choi MinhoPosition Rap, Sub-VocalBirthdate December 9, 1991Bloodtype BHeight 184 cm.Our CommentsMinho is just futile. He doesnt really do anything in Shinee, except rap badly. We dont really see how hes flaming charisma either. Hes not stunning, or even remotely good looking. He just looks like Rango.Other than the obvious, there is not much to say about Minho. He doesnt matter, and were pretty sure that if he wasnt in Shinee, it would make no difference. Except for the fact that Onew might finally be in a pairing.Introducing TaeNew. P B ScaleAppearance 5.5Minho is basically ugly. Sorry Shawols, its the truth. Everything is so long His arms, his legs, his fingers. Its just gross. Hes an alien. Not the sexy kind like T.O.P or Bom, but like Kyuhyun. Weirdly elongated, and kind of awkward.Talent 3Unlike the other three aliens, Minho has no talent. What Minho does is not rapping. He is talking (and not even fast, which is an excuse for most), with an autotuned voice. Theres a reason peoples voices are autotuned. And Minho is no exception. Shawols, netizens, everyone You all really have to stop praising his rapping. For the sake of Minho, if you really care about him. Pretty soon hes freeing to start believing your lies. We weep for Minho we really do. All the pitiful guy has is his rapping, and truth is, its awful. Guess this means h e has nothing.Personality 1.9His personality is nonexistent. Theres nothing really special about him. Hes good with kids, so I guess thats a plus? We dont know. Hes just plain vanilla. Total 3.4TaeminBasic BioName Lee TaeminPosition Lead Dancer, MaknaeBirthdate July 18, 1993Bloodtype BHeight 175 cm.Our CommentsTaemin is a foxy little girl. And if you like him, and are older than him, you have pedophilia. Heis kind of a she. But a cute she. Taemin just shoots out estrogen. Theres not one testosterone producing cell in his body. Its not his fault, and we are not bad mouthing it its a medical condition after all. Hes really innocent and naive. His love for banana milk (which is delicious), ice cream and Lasco*say it all.If you looked up Perfect Maknae in the dictionary, youd find Taemin. Hescute, young, respectfuland knows how to use his aegyo* effectively. Too bad Shinee doesnt appreciate his efforts. It seems all they do is bully him, when theyre not harassing Onew. Dont worry Taemi n, we know tons of groups that would want you all to themselves.P B ScaleAppearance 8.7Taemin is the prettiest little girl in K-Pop. He has a cute nose. His features are very soft and round, and make his face look very feminine. Its not his fault his face looks this way, but its his hairstylists fault he looks even more feminine than he should. His only flaw as the perfect maknae is that hes a bit too tall. But his fans like that, so its okay.Talent SC 9.2He is a dancer. Hes not one of the absolute greatest, but definitely one of the best for his age. Over the years, Taemin has improved, and we hope he will continue to build his abilities.Personality 7.9The perfect maknae personality. Hes adorable, childish and you just want to be maternal towards him. Key cannot be blamed.Total 8.6Overall Shinee 6.4Shinee to us just seems like a TVXQ replacement. But a bad knock-off. Like a Chinese pikachu doll. Not successful and its just wrong. Theyre too young. They had it way too easy.Unlike t heir predecessors, they did not have to share a 1,000 public square foot apartment with 20 other men. They did not starve and were not forced to sleep on the floor because of the lack of beds. They endured nothing, have felt no pain, and this has just created a spoiled group (Which is why they abuse Onew).Their souls and dreams were not broken by the iron fist that is SM Entertainment. They were not made appreciative for their presence in the world of K-Pop. Because Shinee did not have to go through half a decade of intense, bone-crushing training, they dont appreciate how easy their course of action to stardom has been. Shinee is given catchy songs by the maker of all catchy songs, and this explains their popularity. Without SMs vast resources, they would be nothing more than the average, unpopular boyband.

Techniques For Invitro Pharmacology Lab Report Biology Essay

Techniques For Invitro Pharmacology Lab Report Biology EssaySchild piece Schild eyepatch is defined as pharmacological method of receptor classification. By employ schild plot dose-effect reduce for an agonist is determined in the mien of various concentrations of a matched antagonist for its receptor in the presence of agonist i.e. equilibrium disassociation constant is calculated. The experiment is carried out for series of dose ratios for a given effect. For example the ratio of the dose of agonist (A) to provoke a specific effect (e.g.,half maximal effect) in the presence of the antagonist (B) to the dose required in the absence of the antagonist (A) is calculated. This is determined for some(prenominal)(prenominal) doses of antagonist and thusly log ((A/A) -1) versus the negative log B is plotted. If the regression of log ((A/A) -1) on -log B is linear with a slope of -1, then this indicates that the dislike is matched and by rendering the agonist and antagonist act at the same recognition sites. If the slope of the regression is not -1, then by definition the antagonist is not competitive or some early(a) condition is in effect. This might include multiple bind sites or pharmacokinetic inter doings. friend Agonist is a medicate which has both affinity and efficacy.Antagonist Antagonist is a drug which has affinity and zero efficacy.AffinityAffinity is a property of a drug it measures how tight a drug binds to a receptor. To bind to a receptor a functional group of the drug should bind to the complementary receptor. The dressing capacity of the drug defines the action of the drug.Efficacy Efficacy of a drug bed be defined as ability of drug which activates the receptor to bring about desired effect afterward blanket.Affinity and efficacy are explained in the equation asK+1 A + R AR* receptionK-1 K+1B + R BR No receiptK-1Where A is agonist, B is antagonist, K+1 is association range constant for binding, K-1is dissociation rate c onstant for binding- Association rate constant for activation- Dissociation rate constant for activationBy using law of smoke action affinity is explained asB + R BRDrug free receptor drug-receptor complexAt equilibrium KB = R B KB = chemical equilibrium dissociation constantBRHill-Langmuir equation this equation explains drug occupancyRT = R + BRIf RT = Total numerate of receptors then by substituting this in law of mass action equationRB = BRT KB + BBy this equation it is determined that drug occupancy (affinity) depends on drug concentration and equilibrium dissociation constant.Equilibrium dissosciation constant proportion DISSOCIATION CONSTANT (Kd) It is the characteristic property of the drug and the receptors. It is defined as the concentration of the drug required to occupy 50 % of the receptors. The higher the affinity of the drug for the receptors lower is the Kd value. Mathematically Kd is k2/k1 where k2 is the rate of dissociation of the drug from the receptor and k1 is the rate of association of the drug for the receptor.Receptor (R) and Drug (D) interact in a bilateral manner to form a drug-receptor (RD) complex.Where R = ReceptorD = Drug (L for ligand is sometimes used in these equations)k1 = the association rate constant and has the units of M-1min-1k2 = the dissociation rate constant and has the units of min-1.k2 is sometimes written as k-1.If an agonist binds to the receptor, then the interaction of the agonist (D) and the receptor (R) results in a conformational change in the receptor ahead(p) to a response.If an antagonist binds to the receptor, then the interaction of antagonist (D) and receptor (R) does not result in the appropriate conformation change in the receptor and a response does not occur.For drugs that follow the law of uncomplicated mass action the rate of formation of the complex can be defined by the bordering equationdRD/dt refers to the change in the concentration of RD with time (t).Note the square brackets refer to concentration.This equation indicates that the rate at which the drug receptor complex (RD) is make is proportional to the concentration of both free receptor (R) and free drug (D). The proportionality constant is k1.The rate of dissociation can be defined by the following equation-dRD/dt is the decrease in drug-receptor complex with timeThis equation indicates that the rate at which the drug-receptor complex (RD) dissociates back to free drug and free receptor is proportional to the concentration of the drug receptor complex. The proportionality constant is k2.When the drug and the receptor are initially mixed together, the amount of drug-receptor complex formed go out exceed the dissociation of the drug-receptor complex. If the reaction is allowed to go for a long enough, the amount of drug-receptor complex formed per unit time get out be equal to the number of dissociations of drug-receptor complex per unit of time, and the system will be at equilibrium. That is equilibrium has occurred. Equilibrium can be defined asor k1RD = k2RDThis equation can be rearranged to giveBy definitionKd is the dissociation equilibrium constant. Kd has units of concentration as shown in the following equation.Simple competitive hostility simple competitive antagonism is the most important type of the antagonism. In this type of antagonism the antagonist will compete with available agonist for same receptor site. decent antagonist will displace agonist resulting in lower frequency of receptor activation. Presence of antagonist shifts agonist log dose response curve to right. A schild plot for a competitive antagonist will have a slope equal to 1 and the X-intercept and Y-intercept will each equal thedissociation constantof the antagonist.This can be explained in equation asOccupancy for agonistRA = A OR A/ KART KA+ A A/ KA +1In presence of competitive antagonist (B)RA = A/ KART A/ KA + B/ KB + 1Occupancy reduced according to B and KBTo obtain same occupancy, must increa se A to Ar = A / A = B / BSchild equationr = B / KB +1Where r depends on B and KBApplying log on both sideslog (r-1) = logB log KBAim The main aim of the experiment is to measure the equilibrium dissociation constant (KB) for atropine at acetylcholine muscuranic receptors and to determine the drug receptor interactions.ObjectivesThe main objectives of the experiment are as followsTo measure the equilibrium dissociation constant for atropine at acetylcholine muscuranic receptorsTo represent the reversible competitive antagonism of atropine at acetylcholine muscuranic receptorsTo determine the equilibrium dissociation constant (KB) for atropine at acetylcholine muscuranic receptors by using schild plot.MethodIsolation and mounting of Guinea-pig ileum in harmonium toiletGuinea-pig was first sacrificed and then the ileum was collected and transferred into physiological salt solution maintained at 370C. The food particles present in the ileum was expelled out finished running Krebs solution through the lumen. Then tissue was tied with a thread at both the ends where oneness was tied to the mounting hook and the other was attached to the transducer.Preparation of serial dilutions of drugThe drugs used in the experiment were acetylcholine (Ach) and atropine. To determine the simple competitive antagonism of atropine at Ach muscuranic receptors serial dilutions of Ach were carried out. Ach was given as 110-2M and from the higher up concentration of the drug the following concentrations were prepared to the organ bath concentration such as 110-6M, 310-6M, 110-7M, 310-7M, 110-8M, 310-8M, 110-9M and 310-9M Ach. Then atropine was diluted to 110-8M (organ bath) from the given 110-2M concentration.Determination of harmonium bath concentrationThe volume of physiological salt solution (pss) was 20 ml, and each time the volume of drug introduced into organ bath was 20l. thence if 20l of 110-2M drug was introduced into the organ bath then it gives 110-5M organ bath conc entration.Mathematical calculation of organ bath concentrationIn organ bath we have 20ml of pss which is equal to 20103 l of pss, if 20 l of 110-2 M Ach was introduced then the organ bath concentration20lXM20ml10-2M= 20 l x 10-2 M20x 103 l= 110-5M (organ bath concentration).The isolated guinea- pig ileum was mounted onto the organ bath and set up for recording isometric tension of the tissue using chart software in a Mac book.Step-1Calibration of the experimental apparatus The chart 5 software was calibrated and the sampling rate was adjust to 10 samples per second with a maximum input voltage to 10 mV. The baseline was set to zero and then darkness was started from the baseline zero then the force transducer was calibrated by placing 1 gram weight and after the calibration the trace produced was stopped for the moment to convert the units of tension into grams by selecting the trace produced previously.Step-2Sensitisation of preparation To check the viability of the tissue a resp onse of suitable height was obtained by adding a little high concentration of the drug. Here in the experiment an appreciable recording was noted at 110-7M Ach.Step-3The time round of drinks followed to construct a concentration- response curve was0 seconds to add the drug concentrations30 seconds to empty the organ bath and refill with fresh physiological salt solution180 seconds next drug concentration was added to the organ bath. submerging Response CurveBy making use of the above drug concentrations a concentration response curve was constructed according to the provided time cycle.20 l of 110-9M Ach was added into the organ bath at zero seconds at is allowed to stand for 30 seconds, then after 30 seconds the organ bath was emptied and refilled with pss. Pss was allowed to stand for 180 seconds. During the wash full stop if the peak does not return to the base then it was washed twice or thrice to make sure that all the drug dissociates from the receptors before the next ad dition of the other drug concentration. Each concentration was repeated twice or thrice until the two consecutive responses were reported with the same peak height.By following the procedure and time cycle, the concentration response curve was constructed with different concentrations of acetyl choline such as 110-9M,310-9M, 110-8M, 310-8M, 110-7M, 310-7M,110-6M and 310-6M Ach (organ bath concentration).Step-4Equilibration of Acetylcholine receptors with acetylcholineAfter step-2 the preparation was washed several times until the peak returned to the base line. Then atropine (110-8M organ bath concentration) was added to the preparation and then set aside for 40 minutes to allow atropine to equilibrate with acetylcholine muscuranic receptors.Step-5Concentration response curve in the presence of atropineThe concentration response curve with acetylcholine was repeated again in the presence of atropine by following the time cycle and procedure, which was same as same step 2.Therefore i n step 3 with each addition of acetylcholine concentration atropine was added simultaneously.Step-6AnalysisThe graphical record pad prism in the Mac book was used to plot concentration response curves in the absence and presence of atropine.Log concentration (acetylcholine) Vs response in gramsFrom the above plot EC 50 determine of acetylcholine in the presence and absence of atropine were obtained. Then the distance between the two curves control and response for the atropine presence was denoted by r, where r was called as shift.The shift was calculated mathematically asr= EC 50 of response in the presence of atropineEC 50 of Ach in the absence of atropineFrom the value of the shift, schild plot was plotted as log concentration of atropine presence against log(r-1).From the schild plot the dissociation constant KB for atropine at acetylcholine muscuranic receptors was determined.ResultsAs explained above in the procedure serial dilutions of acetylcholine was added to the organ ba th, where Ach has produced concentration dependent contractions of the guinea pig ileum as shown in the fig 1.Figure 1 fantasm display contractions produced by serial dilutions of acetylcholine at muscuranic receptors.As shown in Figure 1 the serial dilutions of acetylcholine are added into the organ bath from 110-7M to 310-6M Ach. Here in the trace it was clearly shown that contractions produced by the acetylcholine have been increased with respect to the concentrations.In step-2 the preparation was washed and added with 110-8M atropine and set aside for 40 minutes to equilibrate the acetylcholine receptors.Figure 2 Trace showing contractions produced by serial dilutions of acetylcholine at muscuranic receptors in the presence of atropine.In the trace it is clearly shown that, the contractions produced by serial dilutions of Ach from 110-8M to 310-4M in the presence of 110-8M atropine.When Trace 1 and Trace 2 are compared it is evident that the contractions produced by Ach unacc ompanied (trace 1) were greater than the contractions produced Ach in the presence of atropine (trace 2) which proves the simple competitive antagonism by atropine at muscuranic receptors.A graph is plotted to the log concentration response curve produced by Ach alone against Ach in the presence of atropine. (graph is attatched to the report)From the graph it is known that with the increase in the concentration of Ach, response have been increased when compared to Ach in the presence of atropine and also there is a shift towards right which shows the simple competitive antagonism produced by atropine.From the results produced by Ach alone against Ach in the presence of atropine the fractional difference which is called as shift can be obtained as followsMathematical Calculation shift r= EC50 of response after atropine (or) in the presence of atropineEC50 of control (or) Ach in the absence of atropine= 2.5110-6 = 8.363.0 x10-7r-1 =8.36 -1=7.36log(r-1)=log (7.36) =0.86Partial dissocia tion constant (PKB) or PA2 is measured to confirm the simple competitive antagonism, where pKB values play an important case in classifying receptors.Therefore PKB =log(r-1) -log atropine=0.86 -log (110-8)=0.86 (-8)=0.86+ 8=8.86From the above results log EC50 values for control (Ach alone) and Ach in the presence of atropine were given as 3.0e-007 and 2.51e-006 respectively.This shows the hoagie concentration of Ach which produces 50% of the maximal possible response is higher than the molar concentration response produced by Ach in the presence of atropine.Figure 5 (Graph2) Schild plotIf the antagonist is competitive, the dose ratio equals one plus the ratio of the concentration of antagonist divided by its Kd for the receptor. (The dissociation constant of the antagonist is sometimes called Kb and sometimes called Kd)A simple rearrangement givesHere we have plotted a graph with log (antagonist) on the X-axis and log (dose ratio -1) on the Y-axis. If the antagonist has shown sim ple competitive antagonism then the slope should be 1.0, X-intercept and Y-intercept values should be both equal the Kd of the antagonist obtained.If the agonist and antagonist are competitive, the Schild plot will have a slope of 1.0 and the X intercept will equal the logarithm of the Kd of the antagonist. If the X-axis of a Schild plot is plotted as log(molar), then minus one times the intercept is called the pA2 (p for logarithm, like pH A for antagonist 2 for the dose ratio when the concentration of antagonist equals the pA2). The pA2 (derived from functional experiments) will equal the Kd from binding experiments if antagonist and agonist compete for binding to a single class of receptor sites.Figure 6 (table 2) Results for Schild Plot.From Figure 5 and 6 it is evident that no concentrations of atropine have showed competitive antagonism perfectly. Therefore from the above results it is known that the concentrations of atropine has not shown simple competitive antagonism fairly .DiscussionReversible competitive antagonism The binding of drug to a receptor is fully reversible which produces a parallel shift of the dose response curve to the right in the presence of an antagonist.The tool of action of acetylcholine at muscuranic receptorsIn various gastrointestinal smooth sinews, acetylcholine and its derivatives produce contractions by activating muscuranic receptors. It is generally assumed that the M3 muscuranic receptor plays a key role in mediating this activity. The M3 receptor is coupled preferentially to Gq-type G proteins, resulting in the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and the formation of ionositiol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) which are likely to participate in muscuranic receptor-mediated smooth muscle contractions. IP3 causes Ca2+ release from intracellular store and can also mobilize Ca2+ secondarily through Ca2+-sensitive or store-dependent mechanisms. DAG, via activation of protein kinase C, phosphorylates various prot eins and can directly activate non selective cationic channels.Figure 7 Diagrammatic representation of calcium and smooth muscle contraction.From the above results the value of shift obtained was 0.378 which denotes the simple competitive antagonism produced by the concentration of atropine used (110-8 M).From the value of shift the pKB value was calculated as 8.4.If atropine has shown simple competitive antagonism then the value of pKB should be equal to 1-X intercept.Therefore pKB=1-X intercept=1-(-8.86)=9.86We got value of pKB as 8.86.Therefore pKB is not equal to 1-X intercept.Therefore the concentration of atropine (110-8M organ bath concentration) used by our group has not shown simple competitive antagonism effectively. The literature value of pKB is given as approximately 9 and we have obtained the value of pKB as 8.86 which does not fit with literature value.Therefore from the above observations and results i can conclude that a little more high concentration of atropine ma y serve to produce complete simple competitive antagonism by atropine at acetylcholine muscuranic receptors.