Autocratic Leadership Authoritarian Leadership - 1362 Words

Autocratic leadership can manifest in different ways. It is therefore not completely rigid and different situations can influence how the organisation and the leader implement the style. The three manifestations are: †¢ Directing autocratic leadership †¢ Permissive autocratic leadership †¢ Paternalistic autocratic leadership These three, while still showcasing the core characteristics of autocratic style, tend to use slightly different ways of approaching the flexibility within the decision-making process. The different varieties are explained in the following chart: Directing Permissive Paternalistic The most common and the most rigid form of the basic autocratic leadership style. Subordinates are closely monitored and the leader is unlikely to consult subordinates in terms of decisions. A slightly more open autocratic leadership. While the leader is in charge of making the final decision, subordinates enjoy some flexibility in deciding themselves how to perform tasks. Uses the core characteristics of autocratic leadership, but balances them with concern over the wellbeing and happiness of the subordinates. In terms of examples from the real world, the directing autocratic leadership is evident in environments such as the military. These situations require a relatively rigid leadership style in which the subordinates are monitored to ensure no mistakes are made at any point of completing the tasks. On the other hand, permissive autocratic leadership can benefitShow MoreRelatedAutocratic Leadership : Authoritarian Leadership911 Words   |  4 PagesAutocratic Autocratic leadership describes the leadership style as the individual having absolute power within the group without input from other work colleagues (Craven 2014). This style of leadership, the autocratic leader makes the decisions and takes responsibility for the achievements of the organisation. Autocratic leaders decide which group members contribute and how much they contribute without consulting (Vugt, Jepson, Hart and Cremer 2004 (cited in Craven 2014). According to NorthouseRead MoreAutocratic Leadership : Authoritarian Leadership989 Words   |  4 PagesAutocratic leadership, also known as authoritarian leadership, is a type of management style that is used when a leader dictates policies and procedures, decides what goals should be achieved, and directs and controls all activities without any meaningful participation by the subordinates. The autocratic leader has full control of the team, with low autonomy within the group. These leaders typically make decisions based on their ideas and judgments, seldom taking advice from other individuals. LikeRead MoreAuthoritarian Leadership Model781 Words   |  4 PagesAUTHORITARIAN LEADERSHIP Autocratic leadership, also known as authoritarian leadership, is a leadership style characterized by individual control over all decisions and little input from group members. Autocratic leaders typically make choices based on their own ideas and judgments and rarely accept advice from followers. Autocratic leadership involves absolute, authoritarian control over a group. Authoritarian leaders are commonly referred to as autocratic leaders. They provide clear expectationsRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles1288 Words   |  6 Pagesdone a thorough research work in how they define leadership and leadership behavior. Leadership students and researchers have described many different types of leadership styles. The democratic and autocratic leadership styles are just two of the most prominent leadership styles that have been identified in leadership literatures. In 1939, a group of researchers led by psychologist Kurt Lewin decided to identify the different types of leadership styles that exist in the modern world. This earlyRead MoreLeadership Styles Of Captain William Bligh1076 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and Contrast the Leadership Styles of Captain William Bligh verses Lieutenant Fletcher Christian. The topic of leadership evokes curiosity about our leaders and their approaches in decision making, leadership styles and the effectiveness of their leadership. At time leaders are critiqued for their actions or views on different business affairs. In today’s working environment leaders set the tone, vision, and goals of any organization. Leadership has a huge impact on the culture of an organizationRead MoreIlm Level 4 Award 3.101477 Words   |  6 PagesIdentify factors that will influence your choice of leadership styles and explain why your leadership styles are likely to positively affect your team. Before we look at what leadership styles there are it is important to define what the difference is between management and leadership. The biggest difference between managers and leaders is the way they motivate people to follow them. Managers have a position within the organisation, their teams work for them to complete tasks and in turn manageRead MoreLeadership Styles Of Captain William Bligh1075 Words   |  5 Pages Compare and Contrast the Leadership Styles of Captain William Bligh verses Lieutenant Fletcher Christian. The topic of leadership evokes curiosity about our leaders and their approaches in decision making, leadership styles and the effectiveness of their leadership. At time leaders are critiqued for their actions or views on different business affairs. In today’s working environment leaders set the tone, vision, and goals of any organization. Leadership has a huge impact on the culture of an organizationRead MoreAutocratic Leadership Style. Introduction. Each Individual1195 Words   |  5 PagesAutocratic Leadership Style Introduction Each individual brings their own unique perspective to leadership roles, making leadership styles as varied as the individuals who implement their practice. Varied socio-economic, ethic, and religious backgrounds, as well as a myriad of other variables, lead to an infinitely diverse and unique combination of opinions, beliefs, convictions, which mold the behavioral principles shaping each individual. Certainly, adding to this mix, are the judgements individualsRead MoreEffective Leadership Style on Groupthink Essay example1394 Words   |  6 Pagesinspiring members to collaborate to achieve a common goal. The approach that the leader takes to lead a group (i.e., leadership style) plays a significant role in group decision-making process and decision quality. Effective leadership encourages members’ participation in decision-making process, and promotes cooperation and motivation among group members. On the other hand, ineffective leadership, which lacks impartiality, can be a great risk factor for groupthink; a phenomenon refers to poor decision processRead MoreTransformational And Authoritarian Leadership Style1691 Words   |  7 Pages Transformational or Authoritarian Leadership Style Pamela Walsh Leadership Dr. Maureen Nixon March 9, 2015 Transformational or Authoritarian Leadership Style Over the course of several decades, the depiction of leadership has changed. What was thought to be innovative and participative or transformational tactic to leadership has replaced the classical and autocratic or authoritarian approach. The step forward that not everything old is bad and not everything new is good was

Pursuit of Happiness Movie Review Free Essays

The Pursuit Of Happyness In today’s society, people spend their whole life searching for happiness. Millions of people today in America still have belief in the â€Å"American Dream† myth. The â€Å"American Dream† gives a person the right of life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. We will write a custom essay sample on Pursuit of Happiness Movie Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Happiness can only be found once a person achieves the American Dream through hard work, determination, and persistence. The movie ‘The Pursuit Of Happyness’ asserts the American Dream myth through the life of Chris Gardener that every man can achieve what one wants in life if he or she is ready to struggle for it. Chris Gardener is a salesman who is unable to meet his ends, but still dreams of being financially free and happy one day. The first scene in the movie creates the characteristics that are required for a man to be able to conquer the American Dream. One of the characteristics being: Hard work. The first sequence in the movie takes place in San Francisco where large numbers of people are walking to their jobs with happy faces with happy background music. Chris is shown as a person who looks up to them and relinquishes the happiness in their faces. Chris sells Bone Density scanners to make a living, a medical instrument that does not sell easily. He is portrayed as a hardworking, unfortunate, browbeaten human who dreams of being able achieve the American Dream. He also has problems with the police and IRS for parking tickets and tax respectively. To be able to meet ends, he works hard and goes to multiple hospitals to sell the scanners and earn money. As we all know, everyone needs these qualities to be able to achieve something in life. Thus this portrays the idea that if you are like Chris you also will be able to achieve the American Dream. This is an example of logos since it uses the idea that no result will come without hard work to depict an image that ones who do not struggle with not get anywhere in life and ones who will. The only way people are able to achieve anything in today’s world is by hard word, this is mainly due to enormous competition. May it be a student or an executive, everyone these days are expected to work to their fullest to be able attain their dreams in life. Another characteristic that is portrayed in the movie is that of attitude, various attitudes towards dealing with things in life will always give you a different result at the end. An example of this is witnessed in the next scene of the movie that consists of a conversation between Chris and his wife Linda about how they are going to manage their financial problems. This scene portrays the attitude by which one must approach a goal with. Chris tells her that he is planning of joining an internship program as a stockbroker at Dean Witter, such that he would be able to take care of the family. Linda on the other hand scorns him and makes a sarcastic comment such as, â€Å"Stockbroker why not an astronaut†. Chris has a positive attitude to how he is going to manage their ends, whereas Linda on the other hand has a very negative approach to matters in life and has given up all hopes they will be able to fix their problems. The background has no music to provide an element of anticipation for the viewers. The use of pathos is noticed since it displays contrasting attitudes of a Dreamer and a Failure in life. The result for being positive is witnessed at the end when Chris is able to get the job and lead a happy life whereas, Linda on the other hand leaves to New York and never seen again. Since Chris is portrayed as the Dreamer it shows the audience that one must always look at things with a positive attitude to achieve the American Dream. People always agree that once you lose your willingness to reach something in life you will never be able to get it. Being able to face problems with a positive attitude is required to able to think clearly and correctly. Thinking clearly provides the Dreamer with clear thoughts and motivation that he is needed to be able to achieve his or her goal. Persistence has become a key element in people’s lives these days due to the large competition for each job opening. Even if one fails the first time, they must try again and again till one is successful in life. This can be seen later in the movie; Chris turns in his application personally to the head of recourses Mr. Jay Twistle. Once he had submitted his application he was persistent in trying to impress Mr. Jay such that he would be guaranteed a spot for the internship. To make sure he impresses Mr. Jay he shares a ride with him and tries to solve the Rubik’s cube which is thought to be impossible to solve. Due to his success in solving the cube Mr. Jay is impressed with his talents and is called in for an interview. Throughout this sequence Chris is once again displayed a person who will never give up. Just the night before his interview he was arrested but still does not give up. He does everything he can such that he can make the interview on time. This scene shows that every positive action towards a goal is stepping stone towards the achieving the American Dream. Since this is the start of his change in life the background music creates a joyful but surprise theme hinting that this man is going to succeed in life if he keeps up with these qualities. This provides an element of ethos since it explains the qualities needed for successfully achieving the American Dream through the life of Chris. In today’s world if one gives up pursuing what they want in their life it will never come, dreams are things that never come and fall in your hands; it constantly needs thoughtful advances made by the Dreamer. As seen in the movie Chris never gives up till he gets the job therefore portraying the amount of pursuing one must do to achieve something in life. It provides evidence that if one person is able to achieve the American Dream through persistence, then everyone who tries to achieve the American Dream will also be able to fulfill their dreams. Determination is one of the key elements behind any successful American Dream dreamer. Even though by this time he has lost wife and house he does not give up. To be able to survive during his internship he would work twice as hard as he used to. He would try to finish an 8 hour job in 6 hours, and sell the remaining scanners he had during that time for money. When he thought that he could start living peacefully since he was able to sell enough scanners to make a living, the IRS takes all his money for not paying taxes. He lives in community homes with his son but never gives up hope in his dream. At the end of the internship, he is called in by Mr. Frakesh to congratulate on his new job. This shows the amount of determination one must be willing to put forward. To be able to achieve such a huge dream one cannot relax until their dream is fulfilled. As seen from the movie every second is precious when one is dreaming, a perfect example is shown when Chris does a 8 hour job in 6 hours, this shows that one can never waste time when they are determined to accomplish something in life. With today’s growing competition for every job opening, people have to work harder and harder. Even a small hint of withdrawal from a hundred percent effort will lead one’s dream to vanish in no time. As seen in Chris’s life even though he had lost everything in his life he did not give up his efforts he put into his internship. This in turn allowed him to be successfully hired as a full time stockbroker. As the saying goes â€Å"There is always hard work and sweat in every success†. In conclusion, hard-work, persistence, and determination are the key elements that will help and guide a man who would like to live the American Dream. Even in today’s world people still believe in that efforts would pay off someday or another as they wish. These people are the great dreams whom still feel that the American Dream still exists and has not vanished just like Chris dreamt. So if anyone one of you have a dream then you should never give up, all you need to do is keep trying. How to cite Pursuit of Happiness Movie Review, Essay examples

Value and Fast Food Customers free essay sample

What situation did Skinner inherit when he became CEO? What are the current forces in the external environment that affect Skinner’s ongoing strategy? 2. What source of competitive advantage does McDonald’s have, and is that position supported by its value chain and other internal resources? -Inherit the previous CEO Cantalupo’s turnaround strategy. This strategy referred as the †Plan to win† tried to target various critical areas that needed to be addressed. -Rapid market fragmentation, which is describing the changes of consumer taste have made once-exotic foods like sushi and burritos everyday options. Many fast food customers are looking for healthier and better tasting food. Moreover, competitions has been coming from quick meals of all sorts that can be found in supermarkets, convenience stores and vending machines. Demographic customers now working around theclock, expecting 24 hour access  to fast food, how toplease range of customers from kids to  contractors? Sociocultural customers preferences have changed tomore exotic foods, healthier food with better taste Economic current economic downturn means customers might be trading down  to McDonald’s if  they ant to eat out Global boundaries are disappearing, travelers moreopen to global consistency in food offerings GoldenArches are accepted, and expected, everywhere 2. Cost leadership has been the traditional strategy for thefast- food industry, but McDonald’s kept costs under control in order to achieve parity with competitors -McDonald’s tried to develop a differentiationadvantagewhile keeping costs at a reasonable level -Differentiation requires the creation of something that isperceived industry-wide as unique and valued bycustomers -Differentiation s achieved by a firm configuring  its valuechain activities to support its position so customers arewilling to pay a premium for something unique – could McDonald’s do this effectively? Value-Chain  Analysis: -Sequential process of value-creating activities -The amount that buyers are willing  to pay forwhat a firm provides them -Value is measured by total revenue -Firm is profitable to  the extent the value itreceives exceeds the total costs involved increating its product or service Value  ChainActivity How does McDonald’s create value? Primary: Inbo und  logistics: Hard  to  assess Operations:   Strived  for  consistency  across  the  chain,  withdiffering results. Refurbishing of restaurants,change in hours may help draw customers. Outbound  logistics:   Hard  to  assess Marketing and sales: Many product innovations failed, $1 menu  didn’t go well with franchisees. I’m Loving It campaign was attempt to reach all customers. Service:   Hard  to  assess Value  ChainActivity How does McDonald’s create value? Secondary: Procurement:   Info  not  available  in  the  case Technology development: Adoption of expensive cooking processesfailed to generate desired results.

Ohalo II, the Upper Paleolithic Site on the Sea of Galilee

Ohalo II, the Upper Paleolithic Site on the Sea of Galilee Ohalo II is the name of a submerged late Upper Paleolithic (Kebaran) site located on the southwest shore of the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) in the Rift Valley of Israel. The site was discovered in 1989 when the level of the lake plummeted. The site is 9 kilometers (5.5 miles) south of the modern city of Tiberias. The site covers an area of 2,000 square meters (about a half an acre), and the remains are of an extremely well-preserved hunter-gatherer-fisher camp. The site is typical of Kebaran sites, containing the floors and wall bases of six oval brush huts, six open-air hearths  and a human grave. The site was occupied during the Last Glacial Maximum, and has an occupation date between 18,000-21,000 RCYBP, or between 22,500 and 23,500 cal BP. Animal and Plant Remains Ohalo II is remarkable in that  since it had been submerged, the preservation of organic materials was excellent, providing very rare evidence of food sources for late Upper Paleolithic/Epipaleolithic communities. Animals represented by bones in the faunal assemblage include fish, tortoise, birds, hare, fox, gazelle, and deer. Polished bone points and several enigmatic bone tools were recovered, as were tens of thousands of seeds and fruits representing almost 100 taxa from the living surface. Plants include an assortment of herbs, low shrubs, flowers, and grasses, including wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum), mallow (Malva parviflora), groundsel (Senecio glaucus), thistle (Silybum marianum(), Melilotus indicus and a slew of others too numerous to mention here. The flowers at Ohalo II represent the earliest known use of flowers by Anatomically Modern Humans. Some may have been used for medicinal purposes. The edible remains are dominated by seeds from small-grained grasses and wild cereals, although nuts, fruits, and legumes are also present. Ohalos collections include over 100,000 seeds, including the earliest identification of emmer wheats [Triticum dicoccoides or T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (kà ¶rn.) Thell], in the form of several charred seeds. Other plants include wild almond (Amygdalus communis), wild olive (Olea europaea var sylvestris), wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica), and wild grape (Vitis vinifera spp sylvestris). Three fragments of twisted and plied fibers were discovered at Ohalo; they are the oldest evidence of string-making discovered yet. Living at Ohalo II The floors of the six brush huts were oval in shape, with an area of between 5-12 square meters (54-130 square feet), and the entrance-way from at least two was from the east. The largest hut was built of tree branches (tamarisk and oak) and covered by grasses. The floors of the huts were shallowly excavated prior to their construction. All of the huts were burned. The working surface of a grinding stone found at the site was covered with barley starch grains, indicating that at least some of the plants were processed for food or medicine. Plants in evidence on the stones surface include wheat, barley, and oats. But the majority of the plants are believed to represent the brush used for housing. Flint, bone and wooden tools, basalt net sinkers, and hundreds of shell beads made from mollusks brought from the Mediterranean Sea were also identified. The single grave at Ohalo II is an adult male, who had a disabled hand and a penetrating wound to his rib cage. A bone tool found near the skull is a piece of gazelle long bone incised with parallel markings. Ohalo II was discovered in 1989 when lake levels dropped. Excavations organized by the Israeli Antiquities Authority have continued at the site when lake levels permit, led by Dani Nadel. Sources Allaby RG, Fuller DQ, and Brown TA. 2008. The genetic expectations of a protracted model for the origins of domesticated crops. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(37):13982-13986. Kislev ME, Nadel D, and Carmi I. 1992. Epipalaeolithic (19,000 BP) cereal and fruit diet at Ohalo II, Sea of Galilee, Israel. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 73(1-4):161-166. Nadel D, Grinberg U, Boaretto E, and Werke E. 2006. Wooden objects from Ohalo II (23,000 cal BP), Jordan Valley, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 50(6):644-662. Nadel D, Piperno DR, Holst I, Snir A, and Weiss E. 2012. New evidence for the processing of wild cereal grains at Ohalo II, a 23 000-year-old campsite on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel . Antiquity 86(334):990-1003. Rosen AM, and Rivera-Collazo I. 2012. Climate change, adaptive cycles, and the persistence of foraging economies during the late Pleistocene/Holocene transition in the Levant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(10):3640-3645. Weiss E, Kislev ME, Simchoni O, Nadel D, and Tschauner H. 2008. Plant-food preparation area on an Upper Paleolithic brush hut floor at Ohalo II, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(8):2400-2414.

Top 3 Supreme Court Cases Involving Japanese Internment

Top 3 Supreme Court Cases Involving Japanese Internment During World War II, not only did some Japanese Americans refuse to relocate to internment camps, they also fought federal orders to do so in court. These men rightfully argued that the government depriving them of the right to walk outside at night and live in their own homes violated their civil liberties. After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, the U.S. government  forced more than 110,000 Japanese Americans into detention  camps, but Fred Korematsu, Minoru Yasui, and Gordon Hirabayashi  defied orders. For refusing to do what they’d been told, these courageous men were arrested and jailed. They eventually took their cases to the Supreme Court- and lost.​ Although the Supreme Court would rule in 1954 that the policy of â€Å"separate but equal† violated the Constitution, striking down Jim Crow in the South, it proved incredibly shortsighted in cases related to Japanese  American internment. As a result, Japanese Americans who argued before the high court that curfews and internment infringed upon their civil rights had to wait until the 1980s for vindication. Learn more about these men. Minoru Yasui v. the United States When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Minoru Yasui was no ordinary twenty-something. In fact, he had the distinction of being the first Japanese American lawyer admitted to the Oregon Bar. In 1940, he began working for the Consulate General of Japan in Chicago but promptly resigned after Pearl Harbor to return to his native Oregon. Shortly after Yasui’  arrived in Oregon, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 on Feb. 19, 1942. The order authorized the military to bar Japanese Americans from entering certain regions, to impose curfews on them and to relocate them to internment camps. Yasui deliberately defied the curfew. â€Å"It was my feeling and belief, then and now, that no military authority has the right to subject any United States citizen to any requirement that does not equally apply to all other U.S. citizens,† he explained in the book And Justice For All. For walking the streets past curfew, Yasui was arrested. During his trial at the U.S. District Court in Portland, the presiding judge acknowledged that the curfew order violated the law but decided that Yasui had forsaken his U.S. citizenship by working for the Japanese Consulate and learning the Japanese language. The judge sentenced him to a year in Oregon’s Multnomah County Jail. In 1943, Yasui’s case appeared before the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that Yasui was still a U.S. citizen and that the curfew he’d violated was valid. Yasui eventually ended up at an internment camp in Minidoka, Idaho, where he was released in 1944. Four decades would pass before Yasui was exonerated. In the meantime, he would fight for civil rights and engage in activism on behalf of the Japanese American community. Hirabayashi v. the United States Gordon Hirabayashi was a University of Washington student when President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. He initially obeyed the order but  after cutting a study session short to avoid violating the curfew, he questioned why he was being singled out in a way  his white classmates were not. Because he considered the curfew to be a violation of his Fifth Amendment rights, Hirabayashi decided to intentionally flout it. â€Å"I was not one of those angry young rebels, looking for a cause,† he said in a 2000 Associated Press interview. â€Å"I was one of those trying to make some sense of this, trying to come up with an explanation.† For defying Executive Order 9066 by missing curfew and failing to report to an internment camp, Hirabayashi was arrested and convicted in 1942. He ended up jailed for two years and did not win his case when it appeared before the Supreme Court. The high court argued that the executive order was not discriminatory because it was a military necessity. Like Yasui, Hirabayashi would have to wait until the 1980s before he saw justice. Despite this blow, Hirabayashi spent the years after World War II getting a master’s degree and a doctorate in sociology from the University of Washington. He went on to a career in academia. Korematsu v. the United States Love motivated Fred Korematsu, a 23-year-old shipyard welder, to defy orders to report to an internment camp. He simply did not want to leave his Italian  American girlfriend and internment would have separated him from her. After his arrest in May 1942 and subsequent conviction for violating military orders, Korematsu fought his case all the way to the Supreme Court. The court, however, sided against him, arguing that race did not factor into the internment of Japanese Americans and that internment was a military necessity. Four decades later, the luck of Korematsu, Yasui, and Hirabayashi changed when legal historian Peter Irons stumbled upon evidence that government officials had withheld several documents from the Supreme Court stating that Japanese Americans posed no military threat to the United States. With this information in hand, Korematsu’s attorneys appeared in 1983 before the U.S. 9th Circuit Court in San Francisco, which vacated his conviction. Yasui’s conviction was overturned in 1984 and Hirabayashi’s conviction was  two years later. In 1988, Congress passed the Civil Liberties Act, which led to a formal government apology for internment and payment to of $20,000 to internment survivors. Yasui died in 1986, Korematsu in 2005 and Hirabayashi in 2012.

Working with Federal Reserves Publications Essay

Working with Federal Reserves Publications - Essay Example In the past Central Bankers have traditionally been close-mouthed and the Federal Reserve was often reluctant to state publicly what its current policy directive is; what its idea about future monetary policy actions including its predictions in relation to general economic conditions or interest rates (Ehrmann et al 2007). Hence periodic or regular publications may provide some detailed analysis of monetary policies for the preceding moths or years but does not divulge any information details regarding current of future polices. The conventional or common practice of the Federal Reserve in keeping quiet about present and future monetary policies have change recently becoming more transparent such that after meetings the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) publicly relates monetary policy decisions and central bank forecasts, which also includes justifications for any changes that were or are made (Ehrmann et al 2007). The justifications include considerations taken that resulted to the decision over the changes done on the said monetary policies. The trend of the economy and financial markets generally rely on the monetary policy standpoint and balance-of-risks appraisal of the Federal Reserves or Central Bank’s public statements in connection to inflation and other forms of economic circumstances. The transparency adopted by the Federal reserve lessens market uncertainty with respect to any future monetary policy. However, the Federal Reserve has an option to change its perception and views after making a public announcement regarding its policies. But even with the data or information made available on prior and future monetary policies, a precise determination of the effects of such policies on the general economy and its financial markets can be hard to identify mainly due to other economic factors that can change overtime. 2. Explain the Federal Reserve’s current view about inflation Inflation usually occurs when there is an excess demand, when prices rise when total spending made by consumers, business firms and the government go beyond the value of the total amount produced within a given economy (Roberts 2006). In relation to this, changes in monetary policies as well as fiscal policies contribute greatly to the level of demand which is affected by government purchases, total consumption and investments made (Roberts 2006). However, this has no actual connection to the price level that is similar to the actual price of a single commodity; especially if all other changeable factors are constant like income (wages) and the prices of other goods. The collective price level normally indicates that all other prices are shifting as well. Therefore, incomes usually rise and fall with the level of prices because income is obtained from the price and quantity of goods sold (Roberts 2006). Issues regarding shifts or changes in the economy are quite complicated sine in real terms output in answer to demand cannot increase bey ond the full level of employment which triggers an increase in spending that can merely be attained at higher prices. This can be illustrated in the Philips curve where total demand can be slimmed down or increased in tandem with supply in order to attain full employment output with supply in order to attain full employment output with stable prices. Reality wise, demand is affected by difference in government spending and taxation (fiscal policy) or by the variation s in monetary factors that affects business investment spending. As a whole, it is difficult for the Federal Reser

Trying to "get tough" on gun crimes, especially through Essay

Trying to "get tough" on gun crimes, especially through mandatory prison sentences, will not reduce gun related crime - Essay Example In 2012 FBI statistics showed that a total of 8855 homicides were caused by firearms and from the total, 6371 were committed using handguns. On the contrary, 40% of the deaths were also attributed to gun related suicides. Last year, gun related violence accumulated to 16,829 (Webster and Jon 76). Usually the gun related violence is common in the poor-urban areas and is mostly linked with gang violence. Majority of the violence is frequently caused by the youths commonly attributed by the males. Several legislations have been instituted at the state, federal and the local level in an effort to prevent gun violence. Gun purchasing restrictions, law enforcement systems, prison sentencing, community-outreach and education programs are some of the many measures to prevent guns possession. Over the past decades the common prison sentencing has not yielded much in the prevention of gun related crimes. The crimes continue to happen even with frequent arrests of the criminals due to their easy acquisition of firearms. The main idea is to stop the gun possession at inception in order to prevent gun related crimes in the nation. Hence, among the strategies to be used will be the use of gun control mechanism to prevent crime (Webster and Jon 34). During the 19th century, firearms violence contributed a big part in the civil disorders for example the Haymarket riots. During this period, the gun related homicide rates in the cities were much lower than in the current times. Between the periods of 1980 and 1990, homicides caused by the use of handguns during this period increased significantly while the usage of other weapons declined proportionately. The firearms homicides were mostly associated with the unemployed male persons who had low incomes. The majority of the offenders include the youths and the African American US citizens where the deaths and injuries numbers tripled in the black