The interpretation of images

The rendering of material bodysDoes the person (or people) who produce a subject area ( construe, film, artwork etc.) ultimately examine its gist and definition?The relationship between a person and/or people controlling a piece of work, and thus its subject matter, are closely inter-related. Photographers, for example, name multiple theories. One photographer may concur with the notion of inter-relation, whilst another may hold an idea contradictory theories that support a negative interpretation of, in this case, an image. Throughout this essay I will be looking into different photographers views on significances of a piece of work and authorship. I will be doing this by comparing the photographers views, concluding the questions answer s and then explaining my opinion and summarising the essay. I believe most photographers agree that they pay full control of the meaning or interpretation of an image, when we look at an image and read then read the concept behind it we are led to believe that, that is the intended meaning of that piece of work. However, sometimes when we are looking into contradicting and deceiving images that is when the public eye notice that the concept may not be what the photographer intended to show with his photographs. It is common practice for photographers to use various methods to analyse the meaning and interpretation of an image. They form a choice as to the method employed, which can give results ranging from the qualitative, to the quantitative. Kevin Carters Pulitzer Prize, given for an award-winning image of a malnourished Sudanese child, is one particular example of how the intended meaning of an image can actually be interpreted. The image signified no celebration a child barely surviving, and a vulture eager for carrion. However, this image which epitomised Sudans famine would go on to win Kevin Carter fame, from previous hopes of a career built on hounding the news, free-lancing in war-ravaged countries, and waiting anxiously for assignments amid dire finances he would stay in the reap of fire for that one great image. The photograph was sold to The New York Times where it appeared on 26 March 1993, as a metaphor for Africas hopelessness. Overnight, hundreds contacted the newspaper to ask if the child has survived. As a result, the newspaper ran an unusual special editors note explaining to the public that the girl did have enough strength to cohere away from the vulture, but that her ultimate fate was unknown. Journalists within Sudan were requested not to touch victims of famine due to the risk of disease transmission. Despite this, Carter came under obstreperous criticism for not helping the girl. TheSt. Petersburg Timesin Florida wrote The man adjusting his lens to take just the right put together of her suffering might just as well be a predator, another vulture on the scene.1 The approach that public opinion doomed on Carter was not only that of taking the image instead o f immediately chasing the vulture away, but also the element that he did not help the comminuted girl afterwards who clearly needed help. wherefore again, as Carter explained later that he left her in such(prenominal) a weak condition to continue the march by herself towards the feeding centre. Kevin Carter committed self-annihilation two years after receiving the Pulitzer Prize. We are led to believe that Kevin Carters suicide note is as followed Im really, really sorry. The pain of life oerrides the joy to the maculation that joy does not exist depressed without phone money for rent money for child support money for debts money I am haunt by the vivid memories of killings and corpses and anger and pain of starving or wounded children, of trigger-happy madmen, often police, of killer executioners I have gone to joinKenif I am that lucky.6 Joanne Cauciella Bonica, Massapequa, New York expressed her feelings to the world by saying It is ironic that Kevin Carter won the Pulitzer for a photograph which to me is a photograph of his own soul and exemplifies his own life. Kevin is that small child huddled up against the world, and the vulture is what we could call the angel of death. I just wish someone would have chased that evil from his life. Im true that midget child surrendered to death just as Kevin did. Both must have suffered significantly.7This is a prime example of whether the photographer, the producer of the image, has ultimate control over the meaning and interpretation of their work. An analysis into Kevin Carters vulture stalking a child image reveals that his intentions were only to show a hiss spreading its wings. On the contrary, the result was much more haunting on the most basic level, it is interpreted as an image of a predator and its prey, by the viewers. Following such observations and information requests to The New York Times, the viewers altered the meaning of the image, from one that should have shown a vulture spreading its wings , to one which displays a cruel, heart-breaking, and cultural issues image. He comprehend a soft, high-pitched sobbing and saw a tiny girl trying to make her way to the feeding centre. As he crouched to photograph her, a vulture landed in sight. Trying careful not to disturb the bird, he positioned himself for the best possible image. He later then said he waited patiently for about 20 minutes, hoping the vulture would spread its wings. However it did not, and after he took his photographs, he claimed to chase the bird away, yet still watched as the little girl continued her struggle to the feeding centre.2 Therefore, when we look back at the question, does the person (or people) who produce a work (image, film, artwork etc.) ultimately control its meaning and interpretation? We can look at this question in many different slipway when we begin to deconstruct the image bit by bit, so we can observe many different individual parts of this image to interpret. When we look at this im age whole, what we are pushed to believe that the image is representing a malnourished Sudanese child that is crying for help, you could say the image is showing awareness of what is happening in different areas of the world. However, if we were to deconstruct this image, the concept of the photograph is completely changed to a wild animal looking for its pray to pounce on. Which then relates to wildlife/documentary photography. so again, if we were to deconstruct the image the other way around we would see a raising awareness image of the people of Sudan needing help, instead of the journalist photography that Kevin Carter is so highly known for. The rule of thirds is applied by aligning a subject with the guide cable systems and their intersection points, placing the horizon on the top or bottom line, or allowing linear features in the image to flow from section to section.3 When looking into the rules of thirds we frame the photograph and imagine it divided into 9 individual par ts of the image, as a photographer when using the rule of thirds properly we try to position the of import parts of the photograph near the lines and intersections of the grid. Therefore, when we look at Kevin Carters image using this method, we see that the vulture and child meet the criteria of the rule of thirds rules, the briny aspects of the image line up with the main centre lines of the grid. This could be known as a perfect picture, if you will. However, we are told that Carters intentions of this image was to take a picture of the bird spreading its wings and flying away. Carter must have been set up in a position where if he did take the image it would be seen as a perfect image, then again because this was the image he produced instead, this one turned out to be The perfect image in photography rules.Stephen copDiscourses are infamously tricky to evaluate. Ever since the 1970s this idea of disclosure has perfected, absorbed and if you will replaced the theory of ideolog y. Its use in the analysis of photographs, ideology generally devises from the publications of the French philosopher Michel Foucault. However in summary of Foucaults work the definition of disclosure is known as a groups statements which structure the way a topic is thought, and the way we act on the basis of that thinking,4. All of the elements around a certain photographs or photographic practice are its wide-ranging perspective that is produced and then how it is thought about.Therefore to illustrate this idea, it is useful to scrutinise thoroughly many different theories such as Martin Parrs conservative midsummer Madness ships company has been expressed through a number of discourses, the originally meaning has been re-interpreted, sometimes subtly, other times significantly in its process.The cost of Living conservative Midsummer Madness is part of the documentary discourse where things as they are are shown. Many writers such as John Tagg would have been more likely to deal that the arranging of the photographs in this particular imagery is within the disclosure of documentary, which produces the idea that they portray the reality of the middle class consumerism in the 1980s in Britain. Then again Parrs work is involved in a development of the discourse documentary where the photographer allows more of a personal, independent viewpoint end-to-end their image of choice. (Bull, 2010).Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright Many images produce meanings, however meanings of a piece of work do not are not, strictly speaking, fully interpreted in the work itself, this is where the producer of the piece of work has placed its individual elements for the viewer to uncover them. The meanings and interpretations of work are based besides the image itself and the producer of the image.Then again, images have what we call the dominant better known as a shared meaning. The image can also be interpreted and seen in many ways that do not adapt to its originally mea ning.However, it is important to realise that not all work of arts and media productions do not speak to all viewers the same, rather, a piece of art speaks to specific viewers who are drawn into the image when being viewed. For example, style, content, the world it builds and the issues it raises. When a viewer is interested in a photograph they say the image speaks to them, perhaps because they can relate to it or know of someone who they can relate it to. Just as viewers render meaning from images, images also construct audiences.5 Normally most images we view have some sort of concept behind them that their producers have tried to show end-to-end the image this could be a small or large aspect of the image. For example, advertisers look into audience research to ensure that the product they are advertising to look at is directly focused at the right age group or gender for the best selling point. Artists, graphic designers, filmmakers and many other people in this industry u se images that the viewer will read interpret to their satisfaction. (Sturken, Cartwright, 2001). To conclude, does the person (or people) who produce a work (image, film, artwork etc.) ultimately control its meaning and interpretation? After looking into different online and library book resources such as Stephen Bull PHOTOGRAPHY who expresses how an individual photograph is thought about and portrayed, I have found that all the recourses I have read through have one thing in common, the theory of a viewer creates meaning from images and the image creates the audience. Even though I have mentioned end-to-end my essay that the producer of the work attempts to show the meaning he intends to give throughout his/her image/images the main aspect in my opinion is the viewer and their opinion of the image and how they are drawn into it, how they interpret the image and relate to it. I believe from the research I have found that the person/people who produce the work do not have full cont rol of the image. The producer attempts to show meaning throughout the image/images, process but how it is seen is the main element of this question. In summary, if the producer had full control there would be no need to have a research team in all advertisement of artist, graphic design and photography industries. The producer would not need to look into his target audience or age category, he/she would just take the picture and broadcast it. However this is something that is vital throughout the photographic industry. We direct our work to a specific audience to what the images concept illustrates. Therefore, the audience will change the images interpretation8.Bibliography Kevin Carter. (2011). Manic Street Preachers. uncommitted http//www.learningfromlyrics.org/KevinCarter.html. Last accessed 09/03/2015.Kevin Carter. (2011). Manic Street Preachers. Everything must go. 7 (4), 34. Pete Williams. (1999). Rule of Thirds. Available http//www.photographymad.com/pages/view/rule-of-thir ds. Last accessed 11/03/2015.Stephen Bull (2010). PHOTOGRAPHY. Abingdon, Oxon Routledge. 43.Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. (2001). Viewers Make Meaning. In Practices of looking. United States, New York Oxford University Press. 45. Macleod Scott. (12 December 1994). The life and death of Kevin Carter. Available http//content.time.com/time. Last accessed 20/03/2015. Joanne Cauciella Bonica. (10th august 2005). The ultimate in the unfair. Available http//flatrock.org.nz/. Last accessed 20/03/2015.Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright. (2001).Practices of looking. New York Oxford University Press. 45.

Report On Pakistan Tobacco Industry

Report On Pakistan baccy IndustryThis project is based on analysis of the tobacco patience because Tobacco in Pakistan holds an economic significance in Pakistan economy. Pakistan is second largest cig artte consumer in south Asia. It is a great beginning of tax income revenue for study players and for Pakistan economy. It gives the steepest revenue to politics in terms of taxes. Pakistan tobacco company is dominated by deuce major players Pakistan tobacco company and philip Morrris. They draw brands which hold the maximum share in the cigarratte commercialise few are dunhill, specie leaf, capstan, gold flake, benson and hedges, Marlboro, embassy, and red and white. They moderate high study for these brands. The increase in demand and supply may be repayable to more(prenominal) brands offered by the cigarettes manufactures and in the late 1990s tobacco companies were exclusivelyowed to advertise their brands. merely the manipulation of cigarettes is more than the semiofficial data principally due to no record of smuggling and unregistered cigarettes manufacturers. The demand supply also vary because of seasonal fluctuations, holy month of Ramadan, inflation and increase in population. The companies flip enough cogency but they do non utilize that capacity because currently smuggling is practiced in a rural at high take. There is an accessibility of raw sensible in different regions of the area but NWFP and Punjab are the major producer of the raw material. Tobacco duty organize in Pakistan divided into complicated 3 levels. Lower, lower mid and premium. There are few issues related to the industry the main issue is the smuggling which affects the grocery store badly otherwise are the advertisement, health before trade, increase taxes, close down duty free, tax evasion. These issues constitute risen because no action taken by the political sympathies. They should agree smuggling by tracing the distributors which would also h elpful in a way to control tax evasion, companies should use modern technologies and should have timely control to have more yield.Table of ContentsOVERVIEWTobacco in Pakistan holds an economic significance in Pakistan economy. Tobacco is grown throughout the country but major source of tobacco raw material is in the Khyber Pakhtoon khowa. In Pakistan, although tobacco cultivation occupies a relatively small area of 0.27% of the summate irrigated land in the country and about 3% in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pakistan was a net importer of tobacco in 1948 but became self sufficient in tobacco outpution in 1969. It was mainly due increase in productivity and overbold-fashioned method used for tobacco cultivation. Pakistan tobacco exports and imports countries are prominent. Pakistan within 30 days of Independence became 5th largest tobacco producer in the world and 4th highest in yield. authorizedly tobacco industry in Pakistan is dominated by two multinational loyals Pakistan Tobacco Company LTD and Phillip Morris Pakistan LTD. Though in that location are others firms but their influence on tobacco industry is not significant. Other companies are Sarhad fairy Industry, Walton Tobacco Company, International Cigarette Industry, Khyber Tobacco Company, Imperial Cigarette Industry, Universal Tobacco Company, Saleem Cigarette Industry, Souvenir Tobacco Company. Cigarette industry contributes almost 3.5 pct of total FBR revenue currently the major challenge for Tobacco industry is the increasing slew of smuggling.Overview of the market share of tobacco industry in PakistanEconomic SignificanceThis puzzle out possesses immense economic significance and its impact on the fiscal and monetary policies of Pakistan. Tobacco possesses great source of revenue, employment and hostile exchange earnings to the country. It give the highest revenue to politics in terms of taxes. Tobacco industry currently employs about 80,000 workers in cultivation, 50,000 are employed in 21 meansies of the tobacco industry and it also provides 1 million indirect employments. It is also an all-important(a) source of foreign exchange earnings for the country nearly US$ 61.349 million during the fiscal year of 2010-2011.Pakistan Tobacco board have played an important determination in developing the production of tobacco crop on scientific methods, if it had not been developed the country would have been importing raw material worth Rs.8-10 billion per annum (2009-2010).ExportsYearQuantity exportedValue entire ValueTobaccoCigarettesCigarsTobaccoCigarettesCigars(M.Rs)(M.US$)(M.Kgs)(M.Nos)M.Nos(M.Rs)(M.Rs)M.Rs1999-20003.9016.060273.137.440280.575.4202000-20015.9811.770578.056.220586.1810.0322001-20023.20108.240231.1149.180286.414.6592002-20035.4974.23316.7545.62362.376.252003-20048.27163.96642.74124.35767.0913.232004-20057.1744.73626.6746.94673.6111.232005-20063.8321.00332.8066.70339.475.662006-20075.7726.120.77543.8524.641.69570.189.502007-20084.723.970.13449.824.170 .16454.155.682008-20094.7710.970.02963.2714.840.03978.1413.9732009-20105.1713.9411.101201.0824.2216.411241.7115.5212010-20118.3923.492294.5339.75-2334.2824.571Pakistan main exporter for tobacco is US because it does not produce quality unmanufactured tobacco. The quite a little increase by 85% during 2000-2001 fiscal yea. However the value decline by 53% from 10.032 to 4.659 in 2001-2002. The main tenableness for decline was the afterwardsmath of 9/11 which resulted in exports orders cancelled. Foreign business tribe were advise to take security clearance. Year 2003-2004 saw a 100% increase in value from pervious year. In 2005-2006 year tobacco industry experienced a fall of almost 50% in value and the trend remained till 2007-2008 year. During the last fiscal year Pakistan tobacco industry achieved the highest value of exports at around 24.571 million.FLOW CHART/ MANUFACTURING PROCESSProcessing and manufacturingAfter harvesting and curing, the cured leaf is processed through a Green pagination threshing plant.The main purpose of this processing is toRemove sand, dust and other particlesSeparate the lamina from the stem (threshing)Drive down the moisture content to safe storehouse levels.ManufacturingAt Tobacco factories, the matured tobacco is checked for quality and then carefully mixed with other ingredients to make different forms of tobacco, such as flavorings or pre-processed tobacco. Technical tools are used to keep track of various types of tobacco computers are increasingly used to keep track of the process.Moisture content is an important part of tobacco process. Too dry and the tobacco leaf will crumble too moist and it may spoil during storage. Right amount of locomote is required to treat the blended tobacco and exact amount of water to make it elastic and then cut into the form in which it appears in the cigarette. bare moisture is then removed so the cut tobacco can be given a final blending and quality check.Traditionally Cigarette m aking was done by hand but directadays it is almost fully automated, with the cut tobacco, cigarette paper and filters continuously fed into cigarette-making machines. The technology has in advance(p) dramatically over the years which have not wear down the quality each cigarette is automatically quality controlled to ensure that it meets every bench mark for its specification.STRUCTURAL COMPOSITIONProduct MixSince Pakistan tobacco industry is dominated by two multinational companies Philip Morris and Pakistan Tobacco Company. Both companies have many brands in cigarettes which are produced to cater different income class.Pakistan Tobacco Company Brands available in PakistanSuper PremiumDuhillHigh and PremiumJohn Player Gold riffBenson HedgesMedium CategoryGold FlakeWills KingsCapstanLow divisionEmbassySuper PremiumMarlboroHigh and PremiumRed and whiteMedium CategoryMoven goldLow categoryK-2DiplomatPhilip Morris Pakistan Brands available in PakistanCigarette market in Pakistan is dominated by lower mid-priced cigarettes which are almost 90 percent of the market. Market for Premium category is only 10%. John Player Gold Leaf has a market share of 9.83 percent in the country whereas world ahead(p) brand Marlboro which is in the premium category have insignificant share ranging from 0.1 to 0.25% of the total market. In the middle category, Gold Flake has major market share of 38.64 percent followed by Morven Gold which caters to the 37 percent of the market need. Capstan has skiped losing its share as Pakistan Tobacco Company has introduced another brand as Capstan by Pall Mall, which has started capturing its share in the market. In the lower class Embassy has a market share of almost 4.5 percent whereas Diplomat has a market share of about 2.5 percent followed by K-2 with the market share of 1.5 percent of the total sales. At present, consumer price of a pack of 20 of most sell brand in the country is Rs 28.80 (US $0.33) which is almost lowest in the wor ld.Installed capacityInstalled capacity for cigarettes sticks in billions 2010-2011 second-rate Industry126Pakistan Tobacco Company45.1Philip Morris Pakistan50.1Others31 bonnie installed capacity for cigarettes manufacturing company in tobacco industry is 126 billion stick per year. Pakistan Tobacco Company Ltd which holds the largest market share in industry has an annual capacity of 45.1 billion cigarettes. Philip Morris Pakistan which is the second largest producer of Cigarettes has an annual capacity of 50.1 billionCapacity utilizationCapacity utilization increased from 49.6 billion sticks in 2002-2003 to 75.8 billion sticks 2010-2011. Average 68 billion sticks are produced annually. Pakistan Tobacco Company produced 40.5 billion sticks out of a capacity of 45.1 billion during 2010-2011. Philip Morris produced 22.4 billion sticks from capacity of 50.1 billion during the same year. The reason for under(a) utilization of capacity for Philip Morris is due to smuggling and illegal trade which will be argue later in the report.Capacity utilization of Cigarettes sticks in Billion 2010-2011Average industry utilization68Pakistan Tobacco Company40.5Phillip Morris Pakistan22.4RAW MATERIAL AVAILABILITYtobzones.jpgThe map shows different types of raw materials available all over Pakistan. The major portion of raw material comes from NWFP and Punjab. Pakistan gets the majority of different types of raw material from NWFP mainly due to fertility of soil and suitable weather. NWFP produces around three-fourths of the tobacco leaf grown in the country. The specific raw materials that come from NWFP are Virginia flue-cured, Burley, Nicotiana rustica (country sum-cured/White Patta). Flue Cured Virginia tobacco is now the most widely grown and widely used type of cigarette tobacco in Pakistan and the total production of this high value commodity have increased from 23.8 million kgs in 1967-68 to 66 million kgs in 2007. Punjab is second largest in terms of raw material avai lability. Punjab is famous for the production of dark air-cured and chicha type tobaccos. Apart from these two raw material Kala Patta ( snuffle) is also cultivated in Punjab region. Sindh and Balochistan produces Nicotiana Rustica and Country air-cured (Snuff) respectively. Virginia and Burley is procured mostly from local anesthetic farmers on contract fannyTobacco raw material is available extensively all over Pakistan is a major strength for Tobacco industry mainly. Pakistan is now the 7th largest producer of flue-cured tobacco. Deep researches and development have been carried out by Pakistan Tobacco Board in collaboration with tobacco companies in order to reduce dependence on the import of good quality tobacco leaf such as suitable climatic conditions have been explored in areas of Mansehra, Buner, Swat and Dir districts to meet the quality requirements of cigarettes for domesticated use.Forms of Tobacco IntakeRaw material is used for to make different form of tobacco such as Chilumhuqqah, chewing tobacco in pan, snuff and niswar. Experts divide tobacco use into two broad categories -smoking and smokeless tobacco. According to a survey conducted by PMRC apart from cigarettes moist dry snuff and chewing tobacco is commonly used in Pakistan. Huqqah and Chilum, are the oldest means of tobacco intake in this region.Production Of Different Types Of Tobacco In Pakistan (Million Kgs)YearFlue-cured Virginia colorful air-curedWhite PattaBurleyOthersTotal2000-200150.961.179.650.5823.3885.742001-200259.611.949.380.9520.7092.582002-200351.311.4210.832.1522.5588.262003-200450.290.6910.981.6022.6386.192004-200565.780.869.911.64*22.63100.822005-200673.71.613.20.923.1289.472006-200765.750.8011.620.824.2778.972007-200869.540.9614.980.3521.9385.832008-200971.321.3825.98--98.682009-201079.792.8326.64-109.262010-201164.67013.540-78.210Annual estimated requirement of tobacco crop in 2012Type of Tobacco (MillionKgs)Flue-cured Virginia 66.680Dark Air-cured 1.085White Patt a 2.190Burley 0.100Sun Cured 1.100Rustica 1.800Total 72.955Current production till April/may 2012White PattaType of Tobacco (MillionKgs)Flue-cured Virginia 75.94 Dark Air-cured 1.417.40Minimum price of raw materialRs.121Current Market priceRs.140Prices of raw materialDuty StructureTobacco duty structure in Pakistan divided into complicated 3 levels. Lower, lower mid and premium. In lower level there is an excise duty of Rs.9.5 for a pack of 20 cigarettes below retail price of Rs.20 excluding sales tax. Excise duty is 46% on most interchange consumer brand, 56% excise duty on premium brand and 50% on cheapest brand. The excise duty is very low and difficult to understand. The Total revenue potential of the cigarette industry is around Rs 80 billion per year and around Rs.50.2818 billion taxes was collected during 2011-2012 from two multinationals and some other manufacturers. The difference shows that tax evasion in tobacco industry is high. Approximately Rs.9-10 billion tax is evad ed annually. The main reason for this evasion is because of the complex tax structure and it is reported that multinationals and federal official board of Revenue (FBR) have intentionally made tax difficult so that less amount can be charged thus benefiting cigarettes manufactures tax collection has also been affected due to inefficient check and balance.DEMAND AND SUPPLY ANALYSISEstimated demandThe demand/consumption for cigarettes has seen a steady return over the years. domestic cnosumption by year.bmpconsumption table 2.bmpconsumtion table.bmpThe data above shows that consumption of cigarettes has been increasing since 1960 onwards. The data reveals that there have been massive increases in consumption pattern of cigarettes since 1996 mainly due to availability of more brands offered by cigarettes manufactured. Around 200 million cigarette sticks were consumed in 2011. There are about 22 million smokers in the country and 55% of the house households have at least one individual who smokes cigarettes. This consumption trend makes Pakistan an attractive market for cigarettes manufactures.demographic cigarettes consumption trend29% of men and 3.4% of women smoke cigarettes regularly according to national health surveyHeavy consumption of smoking (20 or more cigarettes per day) is most common and among men 25-44 years of age in Pakistan.37% of heavy smoking is done in urban areas in contrast to 26% in rural areas.Total cigarettes consumption in South Asia.total consumtion pie chart1.bmpThe data shows that Pakistan is second largest cigarette consumer in south Asia. India is biggest consumer of cigarettes in south asia mainly due to highest population in the south asian region.Estimated supplytobacco3.bmpThe table has been taken from Pakistan economic survey 2010-2011. Te table shows that since 1990 the supply/ production of cigarettes have been increasing. This table illustrates that production of cigarettes increased during 1995-1996. During 2008-2009 fiscal year supply reached its peak of 75,609 millions.Demand and Supply analysisThere are certain points that we can go down from demand and supply of tobacco industry. Firstly there was a huge increase in consumption and production of Cigarettes in 199. The increase in demand and supply may be due to more brands offered by the cigarettes manufactures and in the late 1990s tobacco companies were allowed to advertise their brands. However the consumption of cigarettes is more than the official data mainly due to no record of smuggling and unregistered cigarettes manufacturers accurate. few common factors for demand and supply fluctuation are discussed below seasonal Fluctuations in demandSeasonal do play a part in consumption of cigarettes. During winter the demand for cigarettes increases. Demographics are also important, northern areas of Pakistan more often than not have a higher demand for cigarettes.Religious month of RamdanRamdan effects the consumption of cigarettes. During the month of Ramadan consumption of cigarettes decreases as people only smoke after fast or those who dont smoke tend to avoid smoking in front of people as it is unwelcomed by the society.Increase in population and availability of brandsIncrease in the population of Pakistan along with more availability of cigarettes brands by manufacturers have contributed in increasing the demand and supply of cigarettes. Moreover increasing trend of smoking being considered as fashionable has also contributed towards the increase in consumption. Different varieties means more choice for consumer. A Daily Times survey revealed that wholesale dealers supply fake and smuggled cigarettes to about 20,000 retailers of Lahore, who sell them to ignorant consumers who can either not tell the difference or sent their children or servants to buy cigarettesNatural disastersNatural calamities is another factor for fluctuation in demand and supply of Cigarettes. The worst floods in 2010 since 1974 damaged fertile tobacco-producing land such as in NWFPTaxation and inflationChanges in tax structure and inflation affect the production and consumption of cigarettes. An increase in tax results in decrease in production and increase in price thus reducing the demand for cigarettes. Inflation level in Pakistan is always increasing, the increase in price level make it worse for manufacturers and governing as people shift to smuggled brands which are available at cheaper price. This act result in loss of revenue to government in terms of taxes and loss of sales for manufacturersporter.jpgPorters five Forces ModelBy using Porters Five Forces Framework we will discuss five basic rivalrous forces within the tobacco industry. The threat of potential new entrants, the bargaining occasion of suppliers, the bargaining power of buyers, the threat of substitutes, and the extent of competitive rivalry.Threat of new EntrantsThe barriers to entry in the Pakistan tobacco industry are low mainly due to less co mpetition in the industry and local companies can easily enter the market however the barriers to enter the market nationally are very high. The reason for high barriers at national level is due to high manufacturing, distribution and marketing cost which makes it difficult for local companies to sustain themselves at national stage. High investment cost is required to pulp production facilities that can mass-produce tobacco products at the national level. Moreover packaging cost of cigarettes countrywide is very high which cannot be afforded by the new local firm.Brand identity is another barrier to entry in Pakistan Tobacco industry. Brand awareness is very important in any industry. In Pakistan government has imposed restriction on advertising. The ban on cigarettes adverstising is acting as a barrier to entry because advertising and communication is required to product strength in the mind of consumers. This ban is also effecting existing companies in a way that they cannot rei nforce their current brands and will find difficulty in launching new brands. High brand loyalty in Tobacco industry is another entry barrier for new firms. Example Benson Hedges users will not shift to a new product because of high emotional attached to it.Bargaining power of SuppliersIn Pakistan tobacco industry raw material for cigarettes is provided by farmers to manufacturers. Apart from Green Revolution agricultural products have been exploited in all decades this as resulted in low prices of agricultural products but throughout Pakistan report policies have been favoring industries, finished goods are sold at higher price whereas raw material are bought at lower prices. In Tobacco area supplier has less bargaining power because of less competitors in tobacco industry. Many of the tobacco farmers are located in NWFP, Punjab. Even though government has imposed minimum price but it has been ineffective due to dominance of multinational firms in the tobacco sector. Multination al have bargaining power because they control more than 70% of the market thus illustrating that the farmers have little bargaining power due to the government interaction.Bargaining power of BuyersEconomy plays an important role in buying cigarettes in tobacco industry. As we know Pakistan economy is uncertain with high unemployment, increasing inflation and political instability. These factors affect the buying power of consumers. Buyer power in tobacco industry also depends on disposable income. A decline in buyers disposable income results in buying cheaper brands of cigarettes and if a buyers disposable income increases, then they are more likely to buy more expensive brands. By looking at the current scenario Pakistan Tobacco Company launched a low price brand Capstan which became very popular among consumer and captured 14% of market share which effected the market share of Philip Morris brand Moven gold. A recent typesetters case of Pakistan Tobacco Company increased the pr ice of Dunhill which resulted in decrease of their market share as consumers shifted towards low price brand Capstan.Consumers in the United States are now increasingly becoming more concerned with health issues. Consumer health awareness has hurt the market for tobacco sellers and has also led to the increase for government regulation. But in Pakistan which has more population than United States serves as an attractive market. Moreover less government regulation results in cigarettes manufacturers exploiting consumers.Threat of SubstitutesThe biggest substitute for tobacco users is to just quit using any type of tobacco product. many companies are trying to make product which is beneficial for the smokers to quit smoking, for this purpose they started entreat promoting awareness regarding health isssues. There are many services to help people using tobacco. As health issues and diseases increases day by day so people themselves willing to quit smoking for this purpose they started using different product or services like they started workout which would be the motivating factor or them to quit smoking. There are also some government websites which teaches different method to quit smoking and d intimately a healthier life. Some people prefer to consult doctor and they provide them with prescription tablets or pills which would make them able to forget about smoking and it would be a source for them to live normal life, this also be one of the substitute for tobacco products. .There are many benefits which motivates the consumer of tobacco to quit like smokers will to live the heather life would be the motivating factor other than this the cost involves in getting cigarette is very high and due to inflation and locomote prices of the cigarette consumer could not afford to have additional items into their daily routine so they started involved in different methods to quit smoking and Buyer liking toward tobacco substitutes seems to have increased over time w ith the evidence that smoking can lead to health risks such as lung cancer, emphysema, heart disease, pregnancy complications, and other health problems.Competitive rivalryCompetitive rivalry in tobacco sector is medium to high because more than 70% of the tobacco market is controlled by Pakistan Tobacco Company and Phillip Morris Pakistan. Both firms are involved in intensive price wars in order to get a market share. Dominant firm like PTC is continuously decreasing its in order to maintain its market leadership. Pakistan Tobacco Company reduced the price of its medium-price to sustain market share. This triggered threat to Philip Morris Pakistan as they also had to reduce their prices. Pakistan Tobacco Company controls the largest market share at around 60%. Pakistan tobacco company brand gold flake contributes largest revenue for the company. Both companies have divided their brands into different segments to cater different income class people. Even though the volume of cigaret tes have been steady for the past few years the revenue continue to increase, thus making cigarettes manufacturers financial position strongerRivalry in the low and medium sector of cigarettes has been a strong focus of the leading companies in recent years. The market for low and medium category is increasing in country mainly because of the income level in Pakistan. Pakistan Tobacco Company leads in this sector by having around 3 brands for medium and 1 brand to cater low income class. With the potential growth in middle and low category Pakistan Tobacco Company introduced another brand by name Capstan by mall pall even though it had Capstan brand. Philip Morris are also introducing new brands under medium and low category to extract the profitability.By using the Porters Five Forces Framework we were able to discuss the five basic competitive forces within the tobacco industry. The level of difficulty for new entrants the lack of bargaining power of suppliers the bargaining power of buyers between different brands the high level of potential substitutes and the competition rivalry, as well as domestic growth areas were all analyzed within the tobacco industry using the Porters Five Forces Framework. Dominant forces such as government regulation and health awareness influence change in the tobacco industry. The potential impact that theses forces could play on the tobacco industry could be caustic if companies dont adjust and change with them.MAJOR PLAYERSPakistan Tobacco Company LTDIn 1947 Pakistan Tobacco Company Limited was established. The company congratulate itself for being the first multi-national company to start its business in Pakistan. Pakistan Tobacco Company is the subsidiary company of British American Tobacco which started its operations for over 100 years now and dealt in over 180 countries. The Company has international reputation for manufacturing and marketing high quality brands for the adults.PTC is one of the leading companies in Paki stan. PTC has two art factories in two different states and has more than 1,700 people working there and more than a million people working in various aspects of the business indirectly. PTC is the market leader. PTC has a vision of being the leaders of growth, champions of productivity, responsibility and a leading organizationPerformanceClipboard01gross turnover of ptc.bmpThe gross revenue was increased of about 67 million in year 2011 from 60 million in year 2010 because of the successful introduction of brand capstan which occupied 14% of the market share. In 2011, the growth was initiated by new performance of its brand Capstan established in July 2010. PTC captures a market share of about 49.4 percent in the overall market. At the beginning of 2012, the companys brands have performed well against the competition. The 77 percent increase in such marketing, distribution and selling activities during the period, the operating leeways decreased to 9.76 percent in 2012 from 10.27 p ercent in 2011. The operating margin declined, but still the Company was able to control costs during the period. The gross profit increased to 30.71 percent in 2012 from 25.75 percent last year as

There is No Alternative to War Essay -- War Violence World History Ess

There is No Alternative to WarThere is an average of twenty ongoing wars in the world at any given time. more or less are internal civil wars, others are between nations. But the purpose of this thesis is not to report warfare, but the act of it. This includes the evolution of conventional and thermonuclear warfare, the potential effect of a nuclear war and why it is necessary for nations to fight war. This analysis will be based on a claim of Gwyn dwyers seven- violate series, War. The only other references personad to compound this thesis will be statements from former heads of state, as corresponding to the subject of war. War is an indispensable part of civilization an is found at every chapter of human history. It is the culmination of the basic survival instinct when provoked. In the early centuries, traditional warfare employed the use of hoplite soldiers and cavalry who met at a scheduled location and fought reciprocally. The seventeenth century changed the rules of warfare, beginning with Napoleon, who increased the scale of battle in the Baradino church in 1812. The cut diversity marked the rise of modern nationalism, with civilians volunteering to join the army. The concept of National Mobilization was introduced, but not effected until the American Civil war. The Industrial Revolution produced new weapons, such as the machine-gun and the tank. These weapons assured a greater scale of destruction than was formerly accomplished. The two world wars marked the...

A Mothers Love :: essays research papers

A gentle hand reaches out arms cradle a new founding in this complex world. A simple gesture, yet sensation that will come to signify an infallible bond between cardinal, the bond of a sticks love. I knew early on that my life was non to follow the gentle streams and brooks of my choosing, yet was to go raging down the rivers of its own. I did non realize however, there was ceaselessly to be a clearing in the turbulent waters, a hand extended to pull me out. Always reaching out, again and again I would grasp that same gentle hand that had pulled me up many a succession before. I quickly came to see that there was always an avenue of escape, a crutch to lean on time and time again that mothers love would come through.I knew not what would posses this wonderful lady to do such(prenominal) a thing. Had she not problems of her own, responsibilities? I could only begin to imagine. My nave thinking assumed this could not be. For how could it be that she could do all these things and still find time to assist my in my childish mannerisms? If only I could have known then what I was soon to learn. As a child I yearned, as all children do, to stray, to venture and explore away from the nest. Why did I have to come in, take that bath, and not forget to brush those teeth, what seemed to be every two minutes? Why me? I was ready to take on the world. I could achieve, explore, and conquer. After all I was already at the well experienced hop on of at least well eight. What could there possibly be that I could not do? Nothing, I thought. Once again I was to prove myself wrong, a trend I now see all too familiar as I look back on life. Yet I was not to ready to conquer, I was ready to stumble, not able to climb to the top and very capable of the fall. Yet there she was, that gentle hand, the soft touch, ready to hook on me up and place me right back on my feet for another attempt. Somehow never doing, just leading me in the right direction. But in one way or another I would see that direction and choose to ignore it, I knew what she was doing but wasnt going for it.

The Protagonist and Antagonist of Crime and Punishment :: Crime Punishment Essays

The Protagonist and Antagonist of Crime and Punishment Crime and Punishment is considered by many to be the premiere of Fyodor Dostoevskys great books. Crime and Punishment is a psychological account of a criminal offense. The crime is double murder. A book about such a panoptic subject can be made powerful and appealing to our intellectual interests if there is a link between the reader, the action, and the characters. Doestoevsky makes all these links at the dependable places. The action takes place between the protagonists and the antagonists. The protagonists include Dounia, the Marmeladovs, Sonia, Razumhin, Porfiry Petrovich, and Nastaya. The antagonists of the story are Luzhin, Ilya Petrovich, and the landlady. Raskolnikov could be considered to be the primary protagonist, while Svidrigailov could be thought of as the primary antagonist. In every story the protagonist is the character that the reader cares most about. In Crime and Punishment the reader cares ab out Rodion Raskolnikov. He is the primary and most fundamental character in the novel. We are introduced to this complex character in Part 1. We get to hunch over the poverty stricken condition that he resides in, and we get to know his family situation as we read the long letter from Raskolnikovs mother. Then we witness the murder as it is writtenally described by Doestoevsky. After reading this graphic description of the murder, how can the reader be sympathetic towards Raskolnikov? How can the reader believe that a murderer is the protagonist? It is, in fact, not hard to give birth this murderer as the protagonist. Raskolnikov believed that by murdering the pawnbroker, he rid society of a pest. We realize that if the victim would have been someone other than an evil old pawnbroker the crime would never had taken place. He could never have found the courage to kill an innocent person. It would not prove anything to him. So, Raskolnikov was not a criminal. He does not repent because he does not feel that he had sinned. All he did was violate laws that were made by society. Raskolnikov definition of crime was evil will in action. Raskolnikov knows that he possesses no evil will, and so he does not consider himself a criminal. He is capable of justifying his crime.

The Genius by Frank O’Connor Essay -- Genius Frank Oconnor Essays

The Genius by Frank OConnorThe boys personality and his news program are swiftly established inthe opening paragraph. His mother is presented as being a stronginfluence on him and appears as a lovely of ally against the roughchildren savages as she describes them that live and play in thearea. It is clear that she encourages him to regard himself asdifferent and separate from them, only when it is equally obvious that heis not anxious to associate with them anyway. He describes himself asa cissy by conviction and says that he regarded the idea of fightingas some(prenominal) homely and dangerous. He avoids rough games andprefers the company of girls to boys only because they dont fight somuch.Religion seems to play an unusually important component in his life and itseems probable that this is a reflection of his close relationshipwith Miss Cooney. He himself uses our Blessed Lord as a kind of self-renunciation against bullies who might otherwise hammer his head on thepavement. It is evident from the way he uses argument that he isunusually articulate for his age, and this is a reflection of both hisnatural intelligence and his strong preference for adult company.The fact that his mother has told him about geniuses makes it clearthat she has high ambitions for him. This is reinforced by the factthat sheWorried herself continuously finding answers to my questions.Miss Cooney, however, plays an important role in encouraging andfeeding the boys sense of himself as someone special. Although a rattling eccentric and even unstable woman, she recognises hisintelligence and, by making her religious books freely available tohim, seeks to plant and foster the growth of the idea th... ...y life, but also to Frank OConnorsdiscussion of the short layer in The Lonely Voice (1963). OConnorcompares the impudent and the short story whereas the novel can adhereto the classical concept of civilized society, of man as an animal wholives in a community...the short story r emains by its precise natureremote from the community - romantic, individualistic, andintransigent. The relevance of aspects of this will echo through mydiscussion of a story by Tobias Wolff in the final section of mypaper.For OConnor, the short story is concerned with individuals who aremarginalised, or who marginalise themselves these individuals areoutlawed figures wandering about the fringes of society...As aresult, there is in the short story at its most characteristicsomething we do not often find in the novel - an intense awareness ofhuman loneliness.

Bartleby The Scrivener :: essays research papers

Most everyone remembers a favorite story that he or she has read. A book that just captivated the reader from beginning to end. save how do authors successfully grab the attention of their readers? Authors utilize specific techniques to convey the characters, setting, and plot effectively. The two short stories Bartleby, the Scrivener by Herman Melville and The Tenant by Bharati Mukherjee do just that. The authors of both stories effectively develop unique characters through description or narration, action, and dialogue, which fit in with both the setting and the plot. The main character in Bartleby, the Scrivener is indeed an interesting one. Although the name of the story may give the impression that the main character is Bartleby, it is in fact the bank clerk whom we learn the to the highest degree about. The narrator is described as a very orderly person. His actions and speech demonstrate his fastidious ways. The narrator even shows the reader right from the beginning that he prefers to go about in an orderly fashion, by the fact that he absolutely must give background about his life and work, before he can begin to tell us about his employee. "Ere introducing the scrivenerif is fit I make some mention of my self, my employés, my business, my chambers, and general surroundings" (Meyer, 113). The narrators setting, including his office, also shows that he likes to keep everything organized. His office is separated into sections by folding glass doors to distinguish his side of the room from his scriveners. The narrator also separates Bartleby into confinement. " equable further to a satisfactory arrangement, I procured a high green folding screen, which might entirely isolate Bartleby from my sight, though not remove him from my parting" (118). The reader can see that the narrator likes to have a set way of doing tasks through his actions and interactions with the other characters. The narrator is obviously not one whose demands be often ignored. He does not quite seem to know how to react when Bartleby "prefers" not to comply with the narrators wishes. "I staggered to my desk, and sat there in a deep study Was there any other thing in which I could procure myself to be ignominiously repulsed by this lean, penniless creature? my hired clerk?" (122). Another one of the narrators qualities is being pompous. He seems to have an overblown image of himself and puts himself above others.